Abstract

Chilblain-like lesions (CLL), known in the lay press as “COVID toes,” increased significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The phenotypic similarity of chilblains in the monogenic type 1 interferonopathies, coupled with the consistent clinical phenotype across multiple countries and temporospatial association with COVID-19 spread, suggest a SARS-CoV-2 triggered immune phenomenon. Yet direct evidence of this relationship has been limited due to low rates of SARS-CoV-2 positivity utilizing conventional testing.

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