Abstract
The concepts of the Layered Protocol reference model of user interaction are developed through consideration of the design process, using a multimodal spatial interaction as an example. Specific issues are addressed: multiplexing (which is seen as a way of describing interface modes); feedback, with special consideration of voice recognition systems; type-ahead and asynchronous interaction; embedded help and the development of autonomous means for the computer to assist the user; the tension among robustness, modularity, and efficiency; learning and transfer of training; standardization issues; and evaluation of interfaces, with examples from the Apple Macintosh and the Adagio workstation. Finally, the layered model is considered in the light of published guidelines for user interfaces.
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