Abstract
A detailed review of recent developments of layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition as a promising approach to reduce flammability of the most widely used fibers (cotton, polyester, polyamide and their blends) is presented. LbL deposition is an emerging green technology, showing numerous advantages over current commercially available finishing processes due to the use of water as a solvent for a variety of active substances. For flame-retardant (FR) purposes, different ingredients are able to build oppositely charged layers at very low concentrations in water (e.g., small organic molecules and macromolecules from renewable sources, inorganic compounds, metallic or oxide colloids, etc.). Since the layers on a textile substrate are bonded with pH and ion-sensitive electrostatic forces, the greatest technological drawback of LbL deposition for FR finishing is its non-resistance to washing cycles. Several possibilities of laundering durability improvements by different pre-treatments, as well as post-treatments to form covalent bonds between the layers, are presented in this review.
Highlights
Textiles make up one of the world’s largest industrial sectors, covering a wide range of industrial applications, such as apparel, footwear, automotive/aircraft/shipbuilding industry, civil engineering, agriculture, medicine, etc
The purpose of this review is to present the current state of the art and future perspectives of LbL deposition applied to reduce the flammability of the most widely used textiles—cotton, polyesters, polyamides (PA6, phytic acid (PA) 6.6) and their blends
It is possible to use almost any compound consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, or metal in the form of small organic molecules (U, THU and MEL), synthetic long-chain macromolecules (APTES, PDAC, PAA, APP, branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI), poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), PSP and SSP), biomacromolecules (DNA, egg white protein, PA, cationic starch (CS), SA, CH and its derivates), or inorganic colloids, such as metal, metal oxides and clays
Summary
Textiles make up one of the world’s largest industrial sectors, covering a wide range of industrial applications, such as apparel, footwear, automotive/aircraft/shipbuilding industry, civil engineering, agriculture, medicine, etc. Cotton and cotton blends require adding commercially available durable FRs based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium salt (THPX) in a precondensate ammonia cure process and N-methylol dimethylphosphonopropionamide (N-MDMPA) derivatives in the pad–dry–cure process [8]. The drawbacks of these processes are the use of toxic ammonia in the case of the cure process and the release of formaldehyde during the production and product life-cycle in the pad–dry–cure process [9]. In an effort to minimize thickness of deposition and weight of textiles, several techniques, such as nanoparticle adsorption, sol–gel and dual-cure processes and layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition, are used [11,14,15,16]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
