Abstract
The lay elite operated on the frontlines of church reform, and often deep in the trenches. This article is interested in measuring the strength and impact of their support. Its focus lies principally on the region of France in the last quarter of the eleventh century, with a view to offering a more nuanced understanding of the laity's role in championing reform under Pope Gregory VII (1073-85). Examining this dialectical relationship in a local context, it presents a corrective to the classic (dichotomous) narrative between secular government and the Roman Church in this transformative era of medieval European history.
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