Abstract
Electrolytic extraction followed by XRD analysis of precipitates after isothermal annealing of an AISI 441 ferritic stainless steel between 600 and 850°C produced the time–temperature–precipitation (TTP) diagram for the Fe2Nb-Laves phase. The TTP diagram shows two classical C noses, the first one between 750 and 825°C and the second one, estimated to be close to 650–675°C. TEM analyses show two independent nucleation mechanisms, i.e. at about 600°C nucleation takes place on dislocations but above 750°C, grain boundary nucleation is dominant. The measured solvus temperature of 875°C for Fe2Nb in this steel is 50°C higher than predicted by Thermo-Calc®. Kinetic modelling at 800°C agreed well with the experimental results for a surface energy of 0.435Jm−2 and an initial particle center-to-center separation distance on grain boundaries of about 0.2μm.
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