Abstract
Laurus nobilis, Salvia officinalis and Salvia sclarea essential oils (EOs) and hydrolates (HYs) were investigated to define their chemical compositions and biological properties. Gas-chromatography/Mass-spectrometry (GC/MS) and Headspace-GC/MS (HS-GC/MS) techniques were used to characterize the liquid and vapor phase chemical composition of EOs and HYs. 1,8-Cineole (42.2%, 33.5%) and α-pinene (16.7%, 39.0%) were the main compounds of L. nobilis EO; 1,8-cineole (30.3%, 48.4%) and camphor (17.1%, 8.7%) were for S. officinalis EO; linalyl acetate (62.6%, 30.1%) and linalool (11.1%, 28.9%) were for S. sclarea EO for the liquid and vapor phase, respectively. Chemical profile of HYs was characterized by 1,8-cineole (65.1%, 61.4%) as a main constituent of L. nobilis and S. officinalis HYs, while linalool (89.5%) was the main constituent of S. sclarea HY. The antioxidant activity of EOs and HYs was carried out by DPPH and ABTS assays and antimicrobial properties were also investigated by microdilution and the disc diffusion method for liquid and vapor phase against five different bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 13525 and Acinetobacter bohemicus DSM 102855 among Gram-negative and Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876 and Kocuria marina DSM 16420 among Gram-positive. L. nobilis and S. officinalis EOs demonstrated considerable antibacterial activity, while S. sclarea EO proved to be less effective. Agar diffusion method and vapor phase test showed the EOs activity with the biggest halo inhibition diameters against A. bohemicus and B. cereus. A remarkably high antioxidant activity was determined for L. nobilis showing low EC50 values and also for S. sclarea; good EO results were obtained in both of the used assays. S. officinalis EC50 values were slightly higher to which corresponds to a lower antioxidant activity. Concerning the HYs, the EC50 values for L. nobilis, S. officinalis and S. sclarea were remarkably high corresponding to an extremely low antioxidant activity, as also obtained by expressing the values in Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC).
Highlights
This article is an open access articleMedicinal and aromatic plants, characterized by a particular aroma and flavor, are among the first remedies that humans used to treat diseases and are a source of biologically active molecules [1,2,3]
Liquid and vapor phase chemical composition of L. nobilis, S. officinalis and S. sclarea was described by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/mass spectrometer (MS)) and Head-Space (HS)-Gas-chromatography/ Mass-spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis
There was a prevalence of monoterpenes over sesquiterpenes which were missing in the vapor phase
Summary
Medicinal and aromatic plants, characterized by a particular aroma and flavor, are among the first remedies that humans used to treat diseases and are a source of biologically active molecules [1,2,3]. Essential oils (EOs) are produced by the plant secondary metabolism and mainly obtained by the steam distillation process [4]. In the EOs isolation process, Hydrolates (HYs) are obtained as products of the steam distillation, and a small distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons. Amount of EO constituents dissolve in HYs. Precious oxygenated compounds, which provide specific organoleptic properties and flavor, as well as biological activity, make them useful for food and cosmetic industries [5,6]. The cytotoxic, antibacterial and antioxidant activities were investigated, and different authors reported anticancer, antioxidant, insecticidal and molluscidal, antidiabetic, antimicrobial and antifungal activities by L. nobilis [19]
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