Abstract
An efficient way to study the QCD phase diagram at small finite density is to extrapolate thermodynamical observables from imaginary chemical potential. We present results for fluctuations of baryon number to order (μB/T)6. The results at real chemical potentials are obtained through analytical continuation of simulations at imaginary chemical potentials. We also calculate higher order fluctuations of strangeness and electric charge to obtain the Taylor coefficients of the baryon number fluctuation with vanishing strangeness. We compare to the STAR proton fluctuation data to characterize the chemical freeze-out in view of the lattice results.
Highlights
When investigating Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) an important but challenging goal is the study of the phase diagram
At there chemical potential lattice QCD predicts a smooth crossover between hadrons and the quark gluon plasma [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], taking place in the temperature range T 145 − 165 MeV
One possible way to extend lattice results to finite density is to perform Taylor expansions of the thermodynamic observables around chemical potential μB = 0 [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]: fluctuations of conserved charges are directly related to the Taylor expansion coefficients of such observables
Summary
When investigating Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) an important but challenging goal is the study of the phase diagram. One possible way to extend lattice results to finite density is to perform Taylor expansions of the thermodynamic observables around chemical potential μB = 0 [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]: fluctuations of conserved charges are directly related to the Taylor expansion coefficients of such observables They allow for a comparison between theoretical and experimental results to extract the chemical freeze-out temperature Tf and chemical potential μBf as functions of the collision energy [11, 12, 13, 14]. To connect to experimental results, we calculate the ratio of the cumulants of the net-baryon number distribution as functions of temperature and chemical potential by means of their Taylor expansion in powers of μB/T This is possible by combining different diagonal and non-diagonal fluctuations to obtain a result at the strangeness neutral point and with nQ = 0.4 nB
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