Lattice dynamics, phase transition, and tunable fundamental band gap of photovoltaic (K,Ba)(Ni,Nb) O3−δ ceramics from spectral measurements and first-principles calculations

Abstract

Ferroelectrics have long been recognized as one of the candidate class of materials for applications in photovoltaic devices. Recently, ferroelectric perovskite $(\text{K},\text{Ba})(\text{Ni},\text{Nb}){\mathrm{O}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ has been successfully synthesized and demonstrated to have a near-optimal band gap (1.39 eV), exhibiting good photovoltaic performance. However, the connection between the structural order-disorder transformation, electronic structure, bulk photovoltaic, and photocatalytic properties remains not well understood. Here, we investigate the phase transition evolutions of lead-free ${[{\mathrm{KNbO}}_{3}]}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{[{\mathrm{BaNi}}_{1/2}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{1/2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}]}_{x}$ ($\mathrm{KBNNO}x$, $x=0--0.5$) ceramics via x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering, and computational evidences. The lattice dynamics and the origin of the successive rhombohedral$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$orthorhombic$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$tetragonal$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$cubic phase transitions have been systemically explored based on temperature-dependent XRD peak positions and phonon modes under different geometries. Moreover, the differences in the phase transition temperature and interior structure between the solid solution $x=0.2$ and the end member $x=0$ highlight local and nonlocal characteristics, which are helpful for understanding the photovoltaic mechanisms. Additionally, the robust photocatalytic decoloration effect on methylene blue can further confirm the photon-generated carrier behavior in the partly structural disordered orthorhombic phase. This identification of structural phases, combined with the ability to perform photocatalytic decoloration, give some insights on promising oxide applications as semiconducting ferroelectric absorbers and carrier-separating layers in photocatalytic or photovoltaic devices.