Abstract
Drying of porous media is governed by a combination of evaporation and movement of the liquid phase within the porous structure. Contact angle hysteresis induced by surface roughness is shown to influence multi-phase flows, such as contact line motion of droplet, phase distribution during drainage and coffee ring formed after droplet drying in constant contact radius mode. However, the influence of contact angle hysteresis on liquid drying in porous media is still an unanswered question. Lattice Boltzmann model (LBM) is an advanced numerical approach increasingly used to study phase change problems including drying. In this paper, based on a geometric formulation scheme to prescribe contact angle, we implement a contact angle hysteresis model within the framework of a two-phase pseudopotential LBM. The capability and accuracy of prescribing and automatically measuring contact angles over a large range are tested and validated by simulating droplets sitting on flat and curved surfaces. Afterward, the proposed contact angle hysteresis model is validated by modeling droplet drying on flat and curved surfaces. Then, drying of two connected capillary tubes is studied, considering the influence of different contact angle hysteresis ranges on drying dynamics. Finally, the model is applied to study drying of a dual-porosity porous medium, where phase distribution and drying rate are compared with and without contact angle hysteresis. The proposed model is shown to be capable of dealing with different contact angle hysteresis ranges accurately and of capturing the physical mechanisms during drying in different porous media including flat and curved geometries.
Highlights
Drying of porous media is ubiquitously seen in nature, scientific and engineering fields, such as soil/pavement and wood drying (Or et al 2013; Ferrari et al 2020), building facades after rain (Kubilay et al 2018), innovative material design (Su et al 2018; Hamon et al 2012), food preserving (Prawiranto et al 2019) and heat removal in electronic chips (Brunschwiler et al 2016; Qin et al 2021)
We have proposed the embedment of a contact angle hysteresis model in a pseudopotential two-phase Lattice Boltzmann model (LBM) to study drying of porous media
The contact angle hysteresis model is implemented based on a geometric formulation scheme, where the contact angle can be directly prescribed and automatically measured during the simulation, being essential to implement a contact angle hysteresis model
Summary
Drying of porous media is ubiquitously seen in nature, scientific and engineering fields, such as soil/pavement and wood drying (Or et al 2013; Ferrari et al 2020), building facades after rain (Kubilay et al 2018), innovative material design (Su et al 2018; Hamon et al 2012), food preserving (Prawiranto et al 2019) and heat removal in electronic chips (Brunschwiler et al 2016; Qin et al 2021). Contact angle hysteresis induced by material surface roughness, a difference between advancing and receding angles, has long been recognized during multi-phase flow in subsurface porous media, such as petroleum engineering and geological C O2 storage. Despite the developments in multi-phase LBMs, the influence of contact angle hysteresis on drying of porous media induced by surface roughness, is still an open question. 4, the proposed pseudopotential two-phase LBM considering contact angle hysteresis is applied to liquid drying in different situations, namely droplet drying on flat and curved surfaces, drying of two connected capillary tubes and drying of a dual-porosity porous medium.
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