Abstract
Research progress on sustainable and renewable biofuel has gained motion over the years, not just due to the rapid reduction of dwindling fossil fuel supplies but also due to environmental and potential energy security issues as well. Intense interest in microalgae (photosynthetic microbes) as a promising feedstock for third-generation biofuels has grown over recent years. Fuels derived from algae are now considered sustainable biofuels that are promising, renewable, and clean. Therefore, selecting the robust species of microalgae with substantial features for quality biodiesel production is the first step in the way of biofuel production. A contemporary investigation is more focused on several strategies and techniques to achieve higher biomass and triglycerides in microalgae. The improvement in lipid enhancement in microalgae species by genetic manipulation approaches, such as metabolic or genetic alteration, and the use of nanotechnology are the most recent ways of improving the production of biomass and lipids. Hence, the current review collects up-to-date approaches for microalgae lipid increase and biodiesel generation. The strategies for high biomass and high lipid yield are discussed. Additionally, various pretreatment procedures that may aid in lipid harvesting efficiency and improve lipid recovery rate are described.
Highlights
This review is a comprehensive study of basically two recent techniques, genetic engineering approaches and the application of nanoparticles for lipid enhancement, simultaneously using various pretreatment methods of lipid recovery to overcome bottlenecks of biodiesel production
Microalgae-based biodiesel is yet to be marketed, the reason being that the total cost of processing is twice that of fuels based on petroleum
For the growth of microalgae, culture maintenance, biomass production, lipid yield, extraction, and later conversion to biodiesel, each step needs high effort and strategy to get cost-effective biodiesel production compared to fossil fuels
Summary
Algae is the world’s largest photosynthetic group that contributes most of the carbon sequestration on the globe, converting greenhouse gases into carbohydrates and lipids. These photosynthetic microbes have received high attention as potential cell factories for fatty acids (FA) and carotenoid production. To obtain the cost-effective biodiesel cultivation of numerous low-lipid cells or a few high-lipid cells will not lead to the economically sustainable production of microalgaederived biofuel [11]. Nutritional, and physiological conditions have been tried for microalgae cultivation to improve lipid production. This review is a comprehensive study of basically two recent techniques, genetic engineering approaches and the application of nanoparticles for lipid enhancement, simultaneously using various pretreatment methods of lipid recovery to overcome bottlenecks of biodiesel production
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