Abstract
The power of in situ observations at elevated temperatures to elucidate the details of gas-solid interactions was realized during the very early years of the advent of transmission electron microscope [1]. Of several designs developed between 1950 and 1970, the underlying approach of using a differential pumping system, as proposed by Swann and Tighe [2], has been further developed and is now widely used in commercially-available environmental transmission or scanning transmission electron microscopes (ETEM or ESTEM). In recent years ESTEM, has been successfully employed to reveal and understand the structural and chemical changes occurring in nanoparticles under reactive environments [3,4]. However, quantitative measurements of reaction rates and chemical changes are precluded by (a) the nanoscale region used for atomic imaging, (b) uncertainties in the actual temperature of the region under observation, and (c) the large amount of data to be analyzed. Here we present various technical and analytical methods we have developed to address these issues.
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