Abstract
Almost all nucleated cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are heterogeneous spheroid patterned or round shape particles ranging from 30 to 200 nm in size. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have shown that endothelial progenitor cell-derived EVs (EPC-EVs) have a beneficial therapeutic effect in various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and kidney, and lung disorders. Moreover, some animal studies have shown that EPC-EVs selectively accumulate at the injury site with a specific mechanism of binding along with angiogenic and restorative effects that are superior to those of their ancestors. This review article highlights current advances in the biogenesis, delivery route, and long-term storage methods of EPC-EVs and their favorable effects such as anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and tissue protection in various diseases. Finally, we review the possibility of therapeutic application of EPC-EVs in the clinic.
Highlights
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been widely used to treat cardiovascular ischemic diseases since their discovery in 1997 [1]
Clinical studies have demonstrated that the origin of EPC is bone marrow, and considering pathological triggers, these cells migrate to damaged tissues and physically contribute to facilitating vasculature [3, 5,6,7]
The first were termed early EPCs or myeloid angiogenic cells that were positive for CD45, CD14, and CD31 markers, and Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Translation to the Clinic mainly worked via paracrine mechanisms, such as growth factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs) [10, 11]
Summary
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been widely used to treat cardiovascular ischemic diseases since their discovery in 1997 [1]. Fan et al [46] demonstrated that EPCs and SDF1a administration synergistically improves survival in septic animals via enhanced miR-126 and miR125b expression, which is believed to play key roles in the maintenance of endothelial cell function and inflammation Later, they demonstrated that the protective effect of EPCs on the microvasculature after sepsis occurs via exosome-mediated transfer of miRs such as miR-126-3p and 5p [49]. Qin et al [55] showed that EPC-EVs regulate the osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells by inhibiting the expression of osteogenic genes and increasing proliferation This suggests that EPC-EVs are able to control osteogenesis and have beneficial effects on connective tissue development, such as fibroblasts and chondrocytes (Figure 7).
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