Abstract
AbstractThis paper describes finite-element (FE) modeling, validated by large-scale tests, to simulate the lateral force versus displacement relationship of pipelines under plane-strain conditions in both dry and partially saturated sand. The FE model is based on an elastoplastic characterization of the soil, with Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters to determine the soil yield surface. Direct shear test data and strain softening models are used to represent peak and postpeak strength behavior. A methodology for defining a strain-compatible secant modulus is also presented. The analytical results are compared with numerous large-scale experimental test results, showing excellent agreement in terms of prepeak, peak, and postpeak performance. The modeling process is used to show the relationship between the maximum lateral force and pipe depth and to explain decreased dimensionless maximum lateral forces mobilized by large diameter pipes at low depth to diameter ratios in dense sand.
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