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Abstract
Morphogenetic processes are the basis of new organ formation. Lateral roots (LRs) are the building blocks of the root system. After LR initiation and before LR emergence, a new lateral root primordium (LRP) forms. During this period, the organization and functionality of the prospective LR is defined. Thus, proper LRP morphogenesis is a decisive process during root system formation. Most current studies on LRP morphogenesis have been performed in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana; little is known about this process in other angiosperms. To understand LRP morphogenesis from a wider perspective, we review both contemporary and earlier studies. The latter are largely forgotten, and we attempted to integrate them into present-day research. In particular, we consider in detail the participation of parent root tissue in LRP formation, cell proliferation and timing during LRP morphogenesis, and the hormonal and genetic regulation of LRP morphogenesis. Cell type identity acquisition and new stem cell establishement during LRP morphogenesis are also considered. Within each of these facets, unanswered or poorly understood questions are identified to help define future research in the field. Finally, we discuss emerging research avenues and new technologies that could be used to answer the remaining questions in studies of LRP morphogenesis.
Highlights
A key function of roots—water and mineral uptake and transport—is strongly related to the root system surface area
It has been recognized that Lateral roots (LRs) formation is a process that includes multiple steps: (a) pericycle priming; (b) founder cell specification; (c) the first divisions in pericycle founder cells leading to LR formation, processes defined as LR initiation; (d) lateral root primordium (LRP) formation, comprising developmental processes from the first derivatives of the founder cells to formation of the dome-shaped LRP; (e) LR emergence, Lateral Root Primordium Morphogenesis i.e., protrusion of the LRP through the external root tissues, including ground tissues and epidermis; (f) activation of the apical meristem in the nascent LR; and (g) LR growth (Malamy and Benfey, 1997; De Smet et al, 2003; Péret et al, 2009; Malamy, 2010; Stoeckle et al, 2018)
We summarize what is known about the essential elements underlying LRP morphogenesis in angiosperms and attempt to identify the basic questions related to LRP morphogenesis that remain to be answered or better understood
Summary
A key function of roots—water and mineral uptake and transport—is strongly related to the root system surface area. This interpretation results from the fact that the epidermis of a recently emerged LR can be traced back to the endodermis of the parent root and that endodermal derivative cells in the central apical domain of the LRP start to divide periclinally and form a root cap (Bell and McCully, 1970; Karas and McCully, 1973).
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