Abstract
In the arid climate area north of Tenth of Ramadan City, southeast of the Nile Delta, Egypt, it is necessary to search for additional water resources for sustainable developments such as agricultural and industrial activities. Thirty two vertical electrical soundings (VES) of a electrical resistivity (DC) survey were carried out along four main profiles by using the Schlumberger array with electrode distances (AB/2) up to 500 m, to explore the shallow Pleistocene groundwater aquifer. The collected data was interpreted by a one-dimensional laterally constrained inversion (1D-LCI) and two-dimensional inversion algorithms to derive a best fit layered-earth resistivity model. The derived resistivity sections are geologically well interpreted based on information taken from the available water boreholes (P2-Well and P3-Well). The lateral constraints are part of the inversion where all data sets are inverted simultaneously, and consequently the output models are balanced between the constraints and the data-model fit. The 1D-LCI offers good analysis of the model parameters, which was successfully used to characterize a zone of groundwater aquifer, as it produces a laterally smooth model with sharp layer boundaries. The 1D-LCI inversion results show that the study area is subdivided into five geo-electrical layers of varied resistivity and thickness. In particular, the resistivity values of the last layer range between 9.3 and 110 Ωm representing the existing shallow Pleistocene aquifer located at depths between 134.5 and 118.4 m. Such results are tied and confirmed well with the results of the 2D inversion of the DC data. It reveals three interpreted geo-electric layers along the four profiles and shows that the area is affected by some normal faults striking nearly in the E–W direction. The very low resistivities of the groundwater aquifer beneath the agricultural part of the survey area probably indicates contamination due to the possible effect of irrigation operated in the cultivated lowlands. The results obtained could help the stakeholder to find additional information about the ground water aquifers in the newly reclaimed arid area and possible locations of new sites for drilling new water wells as additional water resources.
Highlights
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.The eastern Nile Delta in Egypt has recently become one of the most promising areas for various developments such as land reclamation for agriculture, new residential areas, and industrial development
The main objective of this paper is to investigate the characteristics of the shallow Quaternary groundwater aquifer in the study area such as its depth, salinity, extension and dimension to assess its potential for agriculture and/or industry
The 1D-LCI inversion is applied to vertical electrical soundings (VES) DC resistivity data which are measured at 32 VES sites in the study area by using a Schlumberger array
Summary
The eastern Nile Delta in Egypt has recently become one of the most promising areas for various developments such as land reclamation for agriculture, new residential areas, and industrial development. The study area north of Tenth of Ramadan City is characterized by arid conditions in which wind action leads to the formation of a desert pavement in soils of the deltaic stage and accumulation of sand dunes. Cities to be abandoned [1]. Lack of surface water due to climatic changes increases the importance of groundwater as an alternative source. The need for water resources to meet domestic, irrigational and industrial demands has increased
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