Latent profile analysis identifies four different clinical schizophrenia profiles through aberrant salience

Abstract

Understanding the role of aberrant salience (AS) in psychosis is crucial for comprehending schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). Researchers emphasize the importance of salience attribution in schizophrenia, acknowledging its interaction with environmental stressors and multiple neurotransmitter systems. Childhood trauma and adversities (CTA) play a significant role in SSDs, potentially contributing to prodromal symptoms characterized by AS. While empirical evidence supports the relationship between AS and SSD, the interplay between different AS patterns, CTA, and psychotic symptoms remains unclear. Clinical diagnosis followed DSM-5 criteria, and participants completed assessments including the Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire – Short form (CTQ-SF), and Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS). Latent profile analysis (LPA) was employed to identify distinct AS profiles within the sample, with subsequent analyses examining differences in psychopathological variables among these profiles. Among 262 participants, four distinct AS profiles emerged from LPA: low AS, high AS with severe symptoms and CTA, intermediate AS with sexual abuse correlation, and chronic AS with specific childhood trauma associations. Profile distinctions included differences in age, hospitalizations, psychotic symptoms, and CTA. Logistic regression analyses showed significant associations between the four profiles and emotional and sexual abuse, physical neglect and clinical variables. Subtyping individuals with SSD based on AS revealed four distinct profiles, each with unique clinical characteristics and associations with CTA. Future studies should investigate whether these profiles correspond to diverse treatment outcomes. These findings highlight the complexity of schizophrenia presentation and underscore the importance of considering individualized diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.