Abstract
Human development in late life is characterized by a multitude of biological changes, some of which are presumed to occur universally as the result of biological aging factors in a narrow sense, whereas others may have their basis in individual lifestyle. The present paper first describes the various different views of the aging process from a biological perspective (evolutionary, probabilistic, deterministic views) and then outlines how these universal biological changes are boosted or buffered by negative or positive individual lifestyles focusing on recent research using telomere length as a biomarker of aging. We conclude that this perspective on lifestyle-dependent differential plasticity of universal biological aging can be used by clinicians to promote healthy aging.
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