Late Cretaceous Transition From Calc-Alkaline to Alkaline Magmatism in the Eastern Anatolian Plateau: Implications for Microblock Collision Timing

Abstract

Abstract In convergent belts, a collision between two blocks can reshape upper mantle geometry and processes responsible for a change in mechanisms of magma generation with distinct geochemical compositions. Therefore, identifying the turning point of a magma compositional shift can provide key constraints on collision timing, which is decisive in building a framework of regional tectonic evolution. The Eastern Anatolian Plateau is composed of a mosaic of rifted blocks assembled through successive collisional events, culminating with the terminal collision of Arabia with Eurasia and the closure of the southern branch of the Neotethys in the Cenozoic. The timing of the microblock collision of the Bitlis–Pütürge Massifs with the Eastern Taurides Block, the southern Eastern Anatolian Plateau, is a matter of debate due to limited constraints on the timing and petrogenesis of the (post-)collision-related magmatism during the Late Cretaceous. This study identifies three compositionally distinct intrusive suites aged from ~87 to ~69 Ma in the Eastern Taurides Block, the southern Eastern Anatolian Plateau. Group 1 intrusive rocks were emplaced in the southern Eastern Taurides Block at ~87–77 Ma and are characterized by high-K calc-alkaline compositions with predominantly depleted Hf and Nd isotope compositions [εHf(t) = 0.9 to +16.5 and εNd(t) = −2.3 to +6.9]. In contrast, the younger (~77–69 Ma) Group 2A comprises nepheline (Ne)-normative alkaline compositions, and Group 2B consists of shoshonitic compositions; both groups are mainly distributed in the central and northern Eastern Taurides Block. Groups 2A and 2B overlap in age between ~77 and 69 Ma and show relatively enriched Hf–Nd isotope compositions [Group 2A: εHf(t) = −1.0 to +4.7 and εNd(t) = −2.3 to +1.2; Group 2B: εHf(t) = −4.0 to +4.0 and εNd(t) = −6.5 to −1.3]. Group 1 intrusive rocks relate to the sub-arc asthenosphere-derived melts that differentiated toward the granite minimum by fractional crystallization. Parental melts of Group 2A intrusive rocks are interpreted to be derived from metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle and differentiated toward the phonolite minimum. Crustal assimilation during magma ascent pushed the initially silica-undersaturated magma (Group 2A) into silica-(over)saturated compositions (Group 2B) through fractional crystallization that ultimately evolved toward the granite minimum. We propose that the Group 1 magmatism was related to northward subduction and closure of the Berit oceanic lithosphere, whereas the Group 2 magmatism results from collision-induced lithospheric delamination ± slab rollback. Together with the P–T–t evolution of the high-pressure metamorphic rocks from the Bitlis Massif and the spatiotemporal and geochemical variations of the Late Cretaceous magmatism in the Eastern Taurides Block, this study suggests that microblock collision of the Bitlis–Pütürge Massifs with the Eastern Taurides Block (Eurasia) most likely occurred at ~84–77 Ma. This study provides an example to constrain collision timing through a perspective of magmatic transition from calc-alkaline to alkaline series.