Late Cenozoic submarine slope failures in the southern North Sea – Evolution and controlling factors

Hauke Thöle,Gesa Kuhlmann,Rüdiger Lutz,Christoph Gaedicke

doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.04.028

Abstract

During the Late Miocene to early Pleistocene sedimentation in the southern North Sea Basin was dominated by a westward prograding depositional system. Progradation is evidenced by a series of large-scale, westward dipping clinoforms with amplitudes of up to 400 m. The clinoforms are related to a shelf-slope-basin physiography during deposition and their development and growth reflects the basinward migration of the Late Cenozoic shelf margin through time. Numerous submarine slope failures occurred on the shelf margin during this time, recognized as kilometer-scale mass-transport deposits (MTDs). Comparatively little is known about the earliest slope failures on this prograding shelf margin, yet their role is important in developing a coherent understanding of the origins of the instability of the margin as a whole. In this study we present detailed analyses of the first MTDs occurring on this Late Cenozoic shelf margin. Based on interpretation of 2D seismic reflection profiles, borehole data and integration of new chronostratigraphic datings the development and causes of slope instabilities are reconstructed. Three MTDs are distinguished within the German part of the southern North Sea, one (MTD1) that has been displaced in the Late Tortonian and two (MTD 2/3) in the Piacenzian. MTD 1 was triggered by salt-induced seismicity, as evident from salt-related faulting of the Late Cenozoic succession in its headwall domain. Pore pressure build up due to fluid migration from deeper levels in combination with loading imposed to the basin by the prograding shelf prism are the main factors controlling the initiation of MTDs 2 and 3.Subsequent slope failures occurring during shelf progradation within the Dutch North Sea are much more frequent compared to the earliest slope failures. The development from a relatively stable shelf margin towards a margin affected by repeated slope failures coincides approximately with the intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciations during Pleistocene times. The development and deposition of the MTDs in the Dutch North Sea is clearly linked to climate-driven environmental changes, whereas prior to the Pleistocene failure mechanisms are preferably limited to those independent of glaciations and associated sea level changes and therefore fewer failures have occurred.

Highlights

Submarine slope failures are well known from areas dominated by high sediment supply (Hampton et al, 1996), such as along the fronts of rapidly prograding depositional systems ranging from deltas to continental margins
The aim of this paper is to present a detailed description of the earliest slope failures that occurred on the shelf margin and to reconstruct the history of slope instability in the area of the southern North Sea during Late Cenozoic times. 2D seismic reflection profiles have been interpreted together with new chronostratigraphic datings to discuss the timing of the submarine slope seen in the German North Sea sector with respect to the development of the prograding system, as well as their relation to the slope failures found in the Dutch sector of the southern North Sea
Three mass transport deposits” (MTDs) are recognized within the Late Cenozoic sedimentary succession of the German North Sea sector based on 2D seismic data

Summary

Introduction

Submarine slope failures are well known from areas dominated by high sediment supply (Hampton et al, 1996), such as along the fronts of rapidly prograding depositional systems ranging from deltas to continental margins. Tho€le et al / Marine and Petroleum Geology 75 (2016) 272e290 been recognized within the Late Cenozoic sedimentary succession (Cameron et al, 1993; Sørensen et al, 1997; Overeem et al, 2001; Benvenuti et al, 2012) At this time, the sedimentation was dominated by a westward prograding depositional system, often referred to as the ‘Eridanos delta’ (Overeem et al, 2001). Prograding systems of similar size (thickness of clinoforms, ~200e500 m) are described e.g. in the Central Tertiary Basin of Spitsbergen (Johannessen and Steel, 2005), Porcupine Basin of offshore Ireland (Johannessen and Steel, 2005; Ryan et al, 2009), West Siberian Basin of Russia (Pinous et al, 2001), western Barents Sea (Glørstad-Clark et al, 2010, 2011) and Dacian Basin of Romania (Fongngern et al, 2015)

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