Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of dark- and light-adapted bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) plants grown under three irradiance levels and subjected to fluctuating lighting conditions

Abstract

Fluorescence spectral characteristics associated with growth under different irradiance levels, and during rapidly changing lighting conditions, were measured on healthy bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) plants using a laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS) system. The LIFS system was designed as a prototype of a handheld field remote sensing system and used a tripled Nd:YAG laser to produce ultraviolet (UV) excitation photons at 355 nm. Dark-adapted canopies of the bean and wheat plants grown under 150, 300, or 450 μmol m −2 s −1 of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) exhibited LIFS spectra with higher relative fluorescence intensities than emissions from light-adapted plants at all three light levels. Blue/red and blue/far-red leaf fluorescence ratios for both bean and wheat plants increased dramatically as PAR increased, but red/far-red ratios decreased as PAR increased. Light-adapted plants grown under the three light levels were then subjected to several rapidly changing lighting conditions. Plants were exposed sequentially to 150, 300, and 650 μmol m −2 s −1 PAR from metal halide lamps, followed by a fourth light treatment of 650 μmol m −2 s −1 PAR from a mixture of metal halide and tungsten–halogen lamps. The tungsten–halogen lamps added significant amounts of near-infrared (NIR) irradiation to the background light environment provided by the metal halide lamps. Results indicated that both bean and wheat canopies generally exhibited stable blue, green, red, and far-red fluorescence emissions when plants were exposed to 150, 300, and 650 μmol m −2 s −1 PAR from the metal halide lamps. In contrast, when bean and wheat plants were exposed to the NIR-enriched light supplied by the tungsten–halogen lamps, blue and green fluorescence remained stable, but red and far-red fluorescence increased dramatically immediately after exposure to the NIR photons. However, the increased levels of red and far-red fluorescence observed after exposure to NIR light decreased quickly (within 55 s) and returned to “baseline” levels observed at the start of the rapidly changing light experiments. Results indicate that handheld LIFS instruments can be used for remote sensing of plant canopies under a diversity of lighting conditions including full darkness, dawn and dusk lighting environments, and under rapidly changing light environments similar to those encountered on partly cloudy days.