Laser-enhanced ionization spectrometry in flames–a powerful and versatile technique for ultra-sensitive trace element analysis

Abstract

Analytical applications of Laser-Enhanced Ionization (LEI) spectrometry in flames are reviewed. The experimental features as well as the physical principles of the method are described. Theoretical expressions are given for the signal strength for both one- and two-step excitation LEI as well as for signal enhancement caused by the two-step excitation. A summary of the analytical performance of the LEI method is given with emphasis towards the sensitivity and selectivity of the technique. A detailed description of interference phenomena that are present in the method is presented as well as an estimate of their influence on the analytical performance of the method. Finally, a description of other applications of LEI is presented.