Abstract
BackgroundTitanium surfaces have been modified by various approaches with the aim of improving the stimulation of osseointegration. Laser beam (Yb-YAG) treatment is a controllable and flexible approach to modifying surfaces. It creates a complex surface topography with micro and nano-scaled patterns, and an oxide layer that can improve the osseointegration of implants, increasing their usefulness as bone implant materials.MethodsLaser beam irradiation at various fluences (132, 210, or 235 J/cm2) was used to treat commercially pure titanium discs to create complex surface topographies. The titanium discs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and measurement of contact angles. The surface generated at a fluence of 235 J/cm2 was used in the biological assays. The behavior of mesenchymal stem cells from an umbilical cord vein was evaluated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, a mineralization assay, and an alkaline phosphatase activity assay and by carrying out a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for osteogenic markers. CHO-k1 cells were also exposed to titanium discs in the MTT assay.ResultsThe best titanium surface was that produced by laser beam irradiation at 235 J/cm2 fluence. Cell proliferation analysis revealed that the CHO-k1 and mesenchymal stem cells behaved differently. The laser-processed titanium surface increased the proliferation of CHO-k1 cells, reduced the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells, upregulated the expression of the osteogenic markers, and enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity.ConclusionsThe laser-treated titanium surface modulated cellular behavior depending on the cell type, and stimulated osteogenic differentiation. This evidence supports the potential use of laser-processed titanium surfaces as bone implant materials, and their use in regenerative medicine could promote better outcomes.
Highlights
Titanium surfaces have been modified by various approaches with the aim of improving the stimulation of osseointegration
We observed the highest percentage of oxide formation (50.5%) and complete wettability (Ɵ = 0) on the laser-processed titanium (LPT) produced by irradiation at 235 J/cm2 fluence (Table 1)
After 7 days, the Ti controls were uniformly covered with either type of cells (Fig. 4a, d), whereas cell behavior seemed to depend on cell lineage on the LPT surface (Fig. 4b, e)
Summary
Titanium surfaces have been modified by various approaches with the aim of improving the stimulation of osseointegration. Laser beam (Yb-YAG) treatment is a controllable and flexible approach to modifying surfaces. It creates a complex surface topography with micro and nano-scaled patterns, and an oxide layer that can improve the osseointegration of implants, increasing their usefulness as bone implant materials. Methods: Laser beam irradiation at various fluences (132, 210, or 235 J/cm2) was used to treat commercially pure titanium discs to create complex surface topographies. Results: The best titanium surface was that produced by laser beam irradiation at 235 J/cm fluence. The laser-processed titanium surface increased the proliferation of CHO-k1 cells, reduced the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells, upregulated the expression of the osteogenic markers, and enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity. Laser beam (Yb-YAG) treatment is a controllable and flexible approach to modifying surfaces, and it can be used in industrial applications [4, 8]. It is theoretically possible to develop a surface with characteristics optimized for cell attachment, growth, and/or differentiation
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