Abstract
A time of flight-photoemission electron microscope is combined with a single-shot stereographic above-threshold ionization phase meter for studying attosecond control of electrons in tailored plasmonic nanostructures spatially and energetically via a carrier-envelope phase tagging technique. First carrier-envelope phase-resolved measurements of gold nanoparticles on gold plane and surface roughness from a gold film show an apparent carrier-envelope phase modulation with a period of π. This modulation is found to originate from an intensity dependence of the photoelectron spectra and the carrier-envelope phase measurement rather than from an intrinsic carrier-envelope phase dependence, which is confirmed by simulations. This useful finding suggests that intensity tagging should be considered for phase tagging experiments on plasmonic nanostructures with low carrier-envelope phase sensitivity in order to correct for the intensity-related carrier-envelope phase artifact.
Highlights
The vast progress in the development of few-cycle optical laser pulses during the last few years has enabled new types of ultrafast experiments such as carrier-envelope phase (CEP)-sensitive measurements aiming to steer electron motion on ultrashort timescales and nanometer spatial resolutions
We have further shown that utilizing energy-filtered imaging of the secondary electrons could improve the chromatic aberrations, and we have successfully proven the microspectroscopic identification of core and valence band electronic states using these ultrashort extreme ultraviolet pulses [30]
An intensity-related CEP artifact was discovered in these measurements, which arises from an intensity-dependent energy shift of the photoelectrons emitted from the sample in combination with an intensity-dependent disbalance of the CEP retrieval from a stereographic above-threshold ionization (ATI) phase meter
Summary
The vast progress in the development of few-cycle optical laser pulses during the last few years has enabled new types of ultrafast experiments such as carrier-envelope phase (CEP)-sensitive measurements aiming to steer electron motion on ultrashort timescales and nanometer spatial resolutions. Ti:sapphire amplifiers in combination with a pulse compressor system based on nonlinear spectral broadening (e.g., in a fiber) and enhanced dispersion control are able to provide few-cycle pulses in the low mJ range at kHz repetition rates [1, 2] and are the prominent sources to date. These pulses may contain less than two optical field cycles, and the electric field strength considerably changes after one optical cycle constituting the breakdown of the slowly varying envelope approximation valid for multicycle pulses.
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