Abstract
Paper-based microfluidic devices are widely employed in diverse applications, including medical diagnostics and point-of-care testing, since they have key characteristics, such as inherent capillary action and superior biological compatibility. Herein, for the first time, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been successfully embedded over the paper-based substrate by ablating a blue laser with optimized speed (100%) and power (10%) as an electrode for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) applications. Thus, a paper-based single electrode ECL (P-SE-ECL) device was successfully fabricated and effectively utilized for glucose and lactate sensing. Furthermore, wax printing was employed to form a microfluidic channel (hydrophilic zone) on the paper patterned with an rGO electrode. A 3-D printed handy black box, integrated with a smartphone and a buck–boost converter, was proficiently utilized to capture ECL signals. The smartphone was purposefully utilized to execute a variety of functions, including capturing ECL signals, calculating ECL signal intensity, and powering the P-SE-ECL device. Moreover, the performance of the fabricated P-SE-ECL device was validated by performing luminol-/H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-based chemical reactions. Glucose and lactate were detected in a linear range of 100–1000 and 100–5000 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with a limit of detection (LOD) values of 2.14 and 3.84 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively. Finally, the fabricated disposable rGO-based P-SE-ECL has the prospective to be employed in a range of applications such as food control management, clinical diagnostics, and point-of-care.
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