Larval performance in an estuarine crab, Chasmagnathus granulata, is a consequence of both larval and embryonic experience

Abstract

In an experimental laboratory investigation on an estuarine crab, Chasmagnathus granu- lata Dana, we investigated how salinities experienced during embryonic and larval development (em- bryonic and larval salinity exposures, respectively) and intraspecific variability of initial biomass at egg laying and hatching affected larval performance. The latter was measured in terms of survival rate, duration of development through successive stages, frequency of occurrence of an additional (fifth) zoeal stage, and size of the first juvenile instar. Ovigerous female crabs were maintained at 3 salinities (15, 20, 32 ‰). For each egg mass, biomass of freshly laid eggs and of freshly hatched larvae, respectively, was measured as dry mass, carbon, and nitrogen contents. After hatching, the larvae were reared at salinities of 5, 10, 15, and 32 ‰. When larvae hatched from eggs that had been incu- bated at reduced salinities (15 or 20‰), their survival through the zoea I stage at low salinities (5 and 10‰) was high and stage duration was short. By contrast, poor survival and delayed development were observed in larvae reared at low salinities when they hatched from eggs that had been incubated in full-strength seawater (32‰). Larval rearing in seawater allowed generally for highest survival and shortest development. While the embryonic salinity exposure had a strong influence on the perfor- mance of the first zoeal stage, later stages showed no significant response to the previous conditions of egg incubation. At advanced stages, low larval salinity exposure (15‰) led to consistently lower sur- vival, longer duration of development, and higher proportion of larvae passing through an additional zoeal instar. However, larger juveniles metamorphosed from larvae that hatched from eggs incubated at low (15‰) salinity. The initial biomass of eggs and larvae, which varied significantly among broods produced by different females, was identified as another factor affecting larval performance. At con- stant 32 ‰, larvae with high initial biomass showed higher survival and faster development. Signifi- cantly more larvae developed through an additional instar when they hatched with a low initial bio- mass. In conclusion, our results show that the performance in a given phase of a complex life-history depends not only on the present environmental conditions but also on those prevailing in the preced- ing phase. Moreover, intraspecific variability in maternal energy investment into offspring production may play a significant role for the chances of larval survival and development in the plankton.