Large-Scale Testing to Validate the Influence of External Crossflow on the Discharge Coefficients of Film Cooling Holes

Abstract

This paper discusses large-scale, low-speed experiments that explain unexpected flow-interaction phenomena witnessed during annular cascade studies into the influence of external crossflow on film cooling hole discharge coefficients. More specifically, the experiments throw light on the crossover phenomenon, where the presence of the external crossflow can, under certain circumstances, increase the discharge coefficient. This is contrary to most situations, where the external flow results in a decrease in discharge coefficient. The large-scale testing reported helps to explain this phenomena through an increased understanding of the interaction between the emerging coolant jet and the freestream flow. The crossover phenomenon came to light during an investigation into the influence of external crossflow on the discharge coefficients of nozzle guide vane film cooling holes. These experiments were performed in the Cold Heat Transfer Tunnel (CHTT), an annular blowdown cascade of film cooled vanes which models the three-dimensional external flow patterns found in modern aero-engines. (Rowbury et al., 1997 and 1998). The variation in static pressure around the exit of film cooling holes under different flow conditions was investigated in the large-scale tests. The study centred on three holes whose geometries were based on those found in the leading edge region of the CHTT vanes, as the crossover phenomenon was witnessed for these rows during the initial testing. The experiments were carried out in a low speed wind tunnel, with the tunnel freestream flow velocity set to match the freestream Reynolds number (as based on the local radius of curvature) and the ‘coolant’ flow velocity set to replicate the engine coolant-to-freestream momentum flux ratio. It was found that the apparent enhancement of film cooling hole discharge coefficients with external crossflow was caused by a reduction in the static pressure around the hole exit, associated with the local acceleration of the freestream around the emerging coolant jet. When these measured static pressures (rather than the freestream static pressure) were used to calculate the discharge coefficient, the crossover effect was absent. The improved understanding of the crossover phenomenon and coolant-to-freestream interactions that has been gained will be valuable in aiding the formulation of predictive discharge coefficient schemes.