Abstract
To achieve large-scale low-cost ex vitro acclimatization of Siberian ginseng plants, heart- and torpedo-shaped secondary somatic embryos (SEs) induced from germinated SEs on agar medium were collected and then inoculated to 10-l bubble column bioreactor, respectively. For plantlet conversion, inoculation of torpedo-shaped secondary SEs was more effective than heart-shaped SEs. TS2 (culture of torpedo-shaped SEs in a bioreactor with a 2-week subculture interval) plantlets had a higher root number and leaf number and larger leaf area than did HS3 (culture of heart-shaped SEs in a bioreactor with a 3-week subculture interval) and HS2 (culture of heart-shaped SEs in a bioreactor with a 2-week subculture interval) plantlets. Of these converted plants, TS2 plantlets had higher survival rate (83.7%) and growth characteristics after transplantation in a simple shed covered with a 50% sunshade net only for 6 months. TS2 plantlets also showed significantly lower H2O2 content and significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione transferase (GST) expression levels as compared to HS2 plants when exposure to ex vitro conditions.
Highlights
Over the past decade, there has been a significant application of somatic embryogenesis in rapid multiplication of plants, which provided a possible from-laboratory-to-large-scale industrial production
After transformation of the germinated primary somatic embryos (SEs) from the bioreactors to solid medium, the frequency of secondary SE induction was significantly different among the three culture temperatures
At 21∘C and 25∘C, the induction frequency was 30% and 52%, respectively, whereas almost 90.6% of SEs induced secondary SEs at 29∘C (Figure 1(a)), demonstrating that the higher temperature was better for secondary SE induction
Summary
There has been a significant application of somatic embryogenesis in rapid multiplication of plants, which provided a possible from-laboratory-to-large-scale industrial production. The extensive use of somatic embryo (SE) is still restricted by its relative high production costs and low survival rate of in vitro plantlets during ex vitro transplanting [1]. Plantlets grow in a unique aseptic microenvironment with special climatic conditions of high relative humidity and low light intensity to allow heterotrophic growth. These conditions may lead to changes in plant with abnormal morphology and physiology, which are often characterized by retardation in the deposition of epicuticular waxes and development of functional stomata associated with the low ability of the plantlets to regulate water loss, which can lead to losses during acclimatization [2]. Some studies demonstrated that partial desiccation treatment for early stage SEs could facilitate ex vitro establishment of SE-derived plantlets [1, 3]
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