Large-scale genetic panmixia in the blue shark (Prionace glauca): A single worldwide population, or a genetic lag-time effect of the "grey zone" of differentiation?

Diane Bailleul,Olivier Sacchi,François Poisson,Nicolas Bierne,Alicia Mackenzie,Sophie Arnaud-Haond

doi:10.1111/eva.12591

Abstract

The blue shark Prionace glauca, among the most common and widely studied pelagic sharks, is a top predator, exhibiting the widest distribution range. However, little is known about its population structure and spatial dynamics. With an estimated removal of 10–20 million individuals per year by fisheries, the species is classified as “Near Threatened” by International Union for Conservation of Nature. We lack the knowledge to forecast the long‐term consequences of such a huge removal on this top predator itself and on its trophic network. The genetic analysis of more than 200 samples collected at broad scale (from Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans) using mtDNA and nine microsatellite markers allowed to detect signatures of genetic bottlenecks but a nearly complete genetic homogeneity across the entire studied range. This apparent panmixia could be explained by a genetic lag‐time effect illustrated by simulations of demographic changes that were not detectable through standard genetic analysis before a long transitional phase here introduced as the “population grey zone.” The results presented here can thus encompass distinct explanatory scenarios spanning from a single demographic population to several independent populations. This limitation prevents the genetic‐based delineation of stocks and thus the ability to anticipate the consequences of severe depletions at all scales. More information is required for the conservation of population(s) and management of stocks, which may be provided by large‐scale sampling not only of individuals worldwide, but also of loci genomewide.

Highlights

The peculiar life-history traits of many marine species often lead to weak or no genetic differentiation (Hedgecock, Barber, & Edmands, 2007; Waples, 1998)
The accumulation of genetic differentiation theoretically depends on the number of migrants exchanged per generation (Nem, with Ne the effective population size and m the rate of migration), whereas the
Large pelagic species are often characterized by life-history traits favouring this kind of observation, and the “population grey zone” concept may well be illustrated by the blue shark (Prionace glauca), the most abundant and widespread chondrichthyan (Nakano & Stevens, 2008)

Summary

| INTRODUCTION

The peculiar life-history traits of many marine species (e.g., large population sizes, high dispersal potential) often lead to weak or no genetic differentiation (Hedgecock, Barber, & Edmands, 2007; Waples, 1998). Large pelagic species are often characterized by life-history traits favouring this kind of observation, and the “population grey zone” concept may well be illustrated by the blue shark (Prionace glauca), the most abundant and widespread chondrichthyan (Nakano & Stevens, 2008). It has a worldwide distribution in temperate and tropical waters (Compagno, 1984; Nakano & Seki, 2003), with vertical occupation from the surface to 1,160 m (Queiroz, Humphries, Noble, Santos, & Sims, 2012). We performed population simulations to generate in silico data illustrating the properties of the “population grey zone” and discuss their potential similarities with the in vivo results as obtained for blue sharks

| MATERIALS AND METHODS

Findings

| DISCUSSION

| CONCLUSIONS