Abstract
Understanding combining ability and heterosis among diverse maize germplasm resources is important for breeding hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). Using 28 temperate and 23 tropical maize inbreds that represent different ecotypes and worldwide diversity of maize germplasm, we first developed a large-scale multiple-hybrid population (MHP) with 724 hybrids, which could be divided into three subsets, 325 temperate diallel hybrids and 136 tropical diallel hybrids generated in Griffing IV, and 263 temperate by tropical hybrids generated in NCD II. All the parental lines and hybrids were evaluated for 11 traits in replicated tests across two locations and three years. Several widely used inbreds showed strong general combining ability (GCA), and their derived hybrids showed strong specific combining ability (SCA). Heterosis is a quantifiable, trait-dependent and environment-specific phenotype, and the response of parental lines and their hybrids to environments resulted in various levels of heterosis. For all the tested traits except plant height and hundred grain weight (HGW), NCD II (temperate × tropical) hybrids showed higher average heterosis than the temperate and tropical diallel hybrids, with higher hybrid performance for ear length, ear diameter, and HGW. Tropical maize germplasm can be used to improve the yield potential for temperate lines. Grain number per row and grain number per ear were two most important traits that determined yield heterosis, which can be used as direct selection criteria for yield heterosis. The hybrids from heterotic groups, Reid × SPT, Reid × LRC, SPT × PA, and Lancaster × LRC, contributed highly significant positive SCA effects and strong heterosis to yield-related traits, and the heterotic patterns identified in this study were potentially useful for commercial maize breeding. Heterosis was more significantly and positively correlated with SCA than GCA, indicating that SCA can be used in heterosis prediction to develop potential hybrids in commercial maize breeding. The results of the present study not only contribute to developing breeding strategies, but also improve targeted breeding efficiency by using both temperate and tropical maize to broaden genetic basis. Large sets of parental lines with available genotypic information can be shared and used in worldwide hybrid breeding programs through an open-source breeding strategy. Potential applications of the reported results in developing hybrid maize breeding strategies were also discussed.
Highlights
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops for staple food, livestock feed, edible oil, and biofuel (Mackay, 2009)
Significant genotype effects were found for all measured traits (P < 0.01), indicating significant genetic variation among parental lines and hybrids (Supplementary Table 1)
For the temperate diallel and NCD II hybrids, environment and year had significant effects on all traits except DTS and days to anthesis (DTA), and genotype by environment effect was significant for all traits except row number (RN)
Summary
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops for staple food, livestock feed, edible oil, and biofuel (Mackay, 2009). Breeders should judge a parental line by its potential to produce superior hybrids, by its performance per se (Riedelsheimer et al, 2012). GCA for an inbred line is measured as the average performance for all the hybrids produced with that inbred line as the common parent, and SCA for a specific cross or hybrid is measured by the deviation of the hybrid performance from what can be predicted by the parental GCA (Sprague and Tatum, 1942). The relative contribution of GCA and SCA effects to hybrid performance depends on traits and hybrids, and in some cases, for example, aflatoxin and grain yield (GY) (Meseka et al, 2018), GCA effects are more important than
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