Abstract
AbstractLarge-diameter reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) spiral-wound membrane elements have been commercialized and are being applied to an increasing number of pilot plants and full-scale projects. These elements dramatically reduce the required number of components in a membrane system, have a smaller footprint, and reduce system costs and maintenance requirements. Standard nominal 8-in. diameter × 40-in. long (0.2 m × 1.0 m) membrane elements are being transitioned to state-of-the-art nominal 16-in. and 18-in. (0.41 m and 0.46 m) large-diameter elements. This article reviews the history of large-diameter element use and summarizes available products and applications. As of November 2009, five major membrane manufacturers produced 24 commercial large-diameter element products: eight seawater RO, 14 brackish-water RO, and two NF products. Tables summarize membrane manufacturers, element characteristics, and performance data under standard test conditions. Large-diameter pilot test and treatme...
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