Abstract
Biomass Refinery (BR) is a null pollution thermochemical sequential cracking of any biomass and some petrochemical products, which generates chemicals, liquid or solid fuels and inorganic submicrometric/nanometric powders (SM/NM) such as ashes, silica, and carbon black. The processing route, powder characterisation and addition of some ashes to red clay resulting a grès-type ceramics will be presented. Rupture strengths of the vitrified ceramics were respectively 36 MPa for pure clay, 44 MPa for clay + 13.5% MOL ash (organic matter of municipal solid waste), 50 MPa for clay + 20% F+20% CL* ash (50% MOL + 50% wood) and 42 MPa for clay + 40% feldspar (used for comparison). The reason why the BR-ashes are better than feldspar is due to their submicrometric and partially nanometric nature. The impact of BR-ash technology can be evaluated by its national potential production of 2 × 10(6) ton/year only from municipal solid waste (MSW) compared to 350,000 ton/year of national consumption. The first BR is under installation in Lorena - SP, Brazil.
Highlights
A new concept of Biomass Refinery (BR) was developed through a matrix ordination of basic technologies in the vertical axis and new materials and product technologies in the horizontal axis (Fig. 1)
In the future CO2 released from the cycle thermoelectric plant (CCTE) will be collected into carbon molecular sieves (CMS)[4] and commercialised; (4) the main large-scale economical products that compete with other sources of materials and energy are furfural (FF) and its derivatives including the ecological and most clean P-series fuel (50% ethanol, 30% > C5 hydrocarbons, 20% methyltetrahydrofuran)[5], cellulignin fuel
< 53 < 5 < 1 < 60 < 2 < 40 < 120 < 2 < 7 < 4 < 80 a Quantitative analysis by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry; b Prehydrolysis processed with potable water; c Semi-quantitative analysis by X-ray fluorescence; d Prehydrolysis processed with deionized water and ceramic materials was performed by X-ray diffraction
Summary
A new concept of Biomass Refinery (BR) was developed through a matrix ordination of basic technologies in the vertical axis (mechanical, thermochemical, biological, thermoenergetic and materials) and new materials and product technologies in the horizontal axis (Fig. 1). The main points of the BR are: (1) the hard core of BR, the so-called BEM Programme (Biomass – Energy – Materials)[1], is composed of six basic technologies: prehydrolysis; furfural reactor and its distillery; affluent treatment station used in closed cycle without any discharge to the environment; low temperature conversion (LTC)[2]; combined cycle thermoelectric plant (CCTE); and ceramic vitrification These six technologies are complemented by three established processes (municipal solid waste selective belt, sugarcane crusher or diffusion, and chemical/mechanical pulping) and by biological processes that will not be treated in this paper because of their low possibility of being economical even in the future[3]; (2) BEM technologies process any kind of biomass (wood and its residues, sugarcane bagasse and trash, agricultural residues, grass, organic matter of municipal solid waste – MOL, organic sludge and petrochemical polymer residues such as tires and plastics); (3) the six basic technologies are a sequential cleaner of any potentially toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Hg, As, Se and Sb) and alkaline and alkaline-earth elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg) present in the raw materials. In the future CO2 released from the CCTE will be collected into carbon molecular sieves (CMS)[4] and commercialised; (4) the main large-scale economical products that compete with other sources of materials and energy are furfural (FF) and its derivatives including the ecological and most clean P-series fuel (50% ethanol, 30% > C5 hydrocarbons, 20% methyltetrahydrofuran)[5], cellulignin fuel
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