Abstract
The aquaculture industry in Brazil has grown immensely resulting in the production of inefficiently discarded wastewater, which causes adverse effects on the aquatic ecosystem. The efficient treatment of aquaculture wastewater is vital in reaching a sustainable and ecological way of fish farming. Bioremediation in the form of the Green Liver System employing macrophytes was considered as wastewater treatment for a tilapia farm, COOPVALE, in Itacuruba, Brazil, based on previously demonstrated success. A large-scale system was constructed, and the macrophytes Azolla caroliniana, Egeria densa, Myriophyllum aquaticum, and Eichhornia crassipes were selected for phytoremediation. As cyanobacterial blooms persisted in the eutrophic wastewater, two microcystin congeners (MC-LR and -RR) were used as indicator contaminants for system efficiency and monitored by liquid-chromatography–tandem-mass-spectrometry. Two trial studies were conducted to decide on the final macrophyte selection and layout of the Green Liver System. In the first trial, 58% MC-LR and 66% MC-RR were removed and up to 32% MC-LR and 100% MC-RR were removed in the second trial. Additional risks that were overcome included animals grazing on the macrophytes and tilapia were spilling over from the hatchery. The implementation of the Green Liver System significantly contributed to the bioremediation of contaminants from the fish farm.
Highlights
In particular the Pantanal and the Amazon areas, is well known for its majestic landscapes, which are linked to vast water resources
After construction and planting, during the four-week macrophyte acclimation period, the large-scale Green Liver System was invaded by wild, formerly domestic, goats, which fed on the aquatic macrophytes
Congeners tested but could substantially diminish the MC contaminant concentrations resulting from aquacultural farms, ecologically and economically, as well as eliminate visible cyanobacterial blooms resulting from the land-based hatchery ponds before entering the Itaparica reservoir
Summary
In particular the Pantanal and the Amazon areas, is well known for its majestic landscapes, which are linked to vast water resources. Brazil holds approximately 10% of the global freshwater. Toxins 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW. Brazil holds approximately 10% of the global water supply stored in nearly. 30,000 reservoirs a surface area of approximately 50,000 km. 30,000covering reservoirs covering a surface area of approximately 2. Most these reservoirs been built energy irrigation, and drought mitigation. 50,000ofkm of thesehave reservoirs havefor been builtproduction, for energy production, irrigation, and drought purposes
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