Abstract
Large-scale Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of cesium atoms has been observed (T=343K). The technical bottleneck of BEC is very small trapping volume (10-8cm3), which made the number of condensed atoms still stagnant (less than 107), much smaller than normal condensation (more than 1013), large-scale BEC has never been observed. In BEC experiment, scientists have applied magnetic field (used to trap atoms) and laser (used to cool atoms), but never considered applying electric field, because they think that all kinds of atoms are non-polar atoms. The breakthrough of the bottleneck lies in the application of electric field. In theory, despite 6s and 6p states of cesium are not degenerate, but Cs may be polar atom doesn't conflict with quantum mechanics because it is hydrogen-like atom. When an electric field was applied, Cs atoms become dipoles, therefore large-scale BEC can be observed. BEC experiment of cesium has been redone. From the entropy S=0, critical voltage Vc=78V. When V 0; when V > Vc, S Vc, almost all Cs atoms (bosons) are in exactly the same state,according to Feynman, “the quantum physics is the same thing as the classical physics”, so our classical theory can explain BEC experiment satisfactorily. Ultra-low temperature is to make Bose gas phase transition, we used critical voltage to achieve phase transition, ultra-low temperature is no longer necessary. Five innovative formulas were first reported in the history of physics, the publication of this article marking mankind will enter a new era of polar atoms.
Highlights
Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) is a very active research field in condensed matter physics and material science
[16] It convincingly proved that =0 only means that the average permanent dipole moment (PDM) of large number of cesium atoms is zero, but doesn't mean that the PDM of individual Cs atom is zero
Alkali atoms may be polar atom doesn't conflict with quantum mechanics
Summary
Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) is a very active research field in condensed matter physics and material science. There are two ways to achieve phase transition: given atomic density, lower the temperature of Bose gas, making T < Tc. The total number of atoms in a rarefied Bose gas is usually greater than 1015, but only 104-106 of them, can be trapped and cooled [1,2,3,4,5,6]. This fact shows that scientists still don’t know how to truly realize “the macroscopic occupation of the ground state” so far [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Experimental alkali material with purity 99.95% was supplied by Strem Chemicals Co., USA
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