Large ATP synthase operon of the red alga Antithamnion sp. resembles the corresponding operon in cyanobacteria

Abstract

The large plastid ATP synthase operon of the multicellular red alga Antithamnion sp. was cloned and the sequence of six ATPase genes determined. The operon resembles more the one from cyanobacteria than the ATP synthase operon of the chloroplast genome. The gene order is atpI, H, G, F, D and A, coding for the ATPase subunits a, c, b′, b, δ and α, respectively. In green plants, the genes atpG and atpD are located in the nucleus. Unlike the situation in three published cyanobacterial ATP synthase operons, atpC, coding for the γ subunit, is not a part of the rhodoplast operon. A single 4.5 kb transcript was detected with atpG, F, D and A gene probes that could span the whole operon, but no transcript could be detected with atpI and atpH probes. The end of an open reading frame preceding the atp genes shows remarkable homology to elongation factor TS from Escherichia coli. Behind the ATPase cluster, two open reading frames were detected that are not homologous to any known chloroplast gene. One of them may code for a transport protein of unknown specificity. Gene arrangement and sequence comparisons support the hypothesis of a polyphyletic origin of rhodoplasts and chloroplasts.