Abstract
The perovskite-type lanthanum ferrite, LaFeO3, has been prepared by thermal decomposition of in situ obtained lanthanum ferrioxalate compound precursor, LaFe(C2O4)3·3H2O. The oxalate precursor was synthesized through the redox reaction between 1,2-ethanediol and nitrate ion and characterized by chemical analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. LaFeO3 obtained after the calcination of the precursor for at least 550–800 °C/1 h have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). A boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) modified with LaFeO3 ceramic powders at 550 °C (LaFeO3/BDD) by simple immersion was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and tested for the voltammetric and amperometric detection of capecitabine (CCB), which is a cytostatic drug considered as an emerging pollutant in water. The modified electrode exhibited a complex electrochemical behaviour by several redox systems in direct relation to the electrode potential range. The results obtained by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential-pulsed voltammetry (DPV), and multiple-pulsed amperometry proved the electrocatalytic effect to capecitabine oxidation and reduction and allowed its electrochemical detection in alkaline aqueous solution.
Highlights
IntroductionPerovskite-type oxides have received growing attention due to its diversity and performance [1,2,3,4,5].Among the perovskite materials, lanthanum ferrite has been investigated intensively due to its potential applications in biosensors [6], (photo)catalysis [7], chemical sensors [8,9], electrochemistry field [10,11,12,13,14,15], magnetic, optical, and ferroelectric properties [16,17], environmentally-friendly pigments [18], spin electronic devices [19,20], and more.In general, electrochemical behaviors of perovskite-type oxides LaFeO3 have been investigated for various applications due to its high oxidation–reduction characteristics and electrical conductivity, e.g., electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution [11], photoelectrochemical water oxidation [12], hydrogen storage [13], gas sensor [14,15,21], voltammetric/amperometric detection of biomolecules [22], solid oxide fuel cells, and electrode materials [23,24].Materials 2020, 13, 2061; doi:10.3390/ma13092061 www.mdpi.com/journal/materialsMany methods have been studied and developed for obtaining LaFeO3 : sol-gel method [25,26], mechanochemical [27], hydrothermal processes [28], molten salt synthesis [29], combustion method [30,31], microwave-assisted synthesis [32], co-precipitation of hydroxides [33], and polymerizable complex method [34]
The thermal decomposition of complex compounds precursors represent a simple, efficient, and reliable method for the synthesis of mixed oxides characterized by small particles at a relatively low temperature that depend on the system composition and properties [35,36]
Single phase LaFeO3 powders with orthorombic Pbnm perovskite structure were obtained after annealing at temperatures ranging between 550 and 800 ◦ C
Summary
Perovskite-type oxides have received growing attention due to its diversity and performance [1,2,3,4,5].Among the perovskite materials, lanthanum ferrite has been investigated intensively due to its potential applications in biosensors [6], (photo)catalysis [7], chemical sensors [8,9], electrochemistry field [10,11,12,13,14,15], magnetic, optical, and ferroelectric properties [16,17], environmentally-friendly pigments [18], spin electronic devices [19,20], and more.In general, electrochemical behaviors of perovskite-type oxides LaFeO3 have been investigated for various applications due to its high oxidation–reduction characteristics and electrical conductivity, e.g., electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution [11], photoelectrochemical water oxidation [12], hydrogen storage [13], gas sensor [14,15,21], voltammetric/amperometric detection of biomolecules [22], solid oxide fuel cells, and electrode materials [23,24].Materials 2020, 13, 2061; doi:10.3390/ma13092061 www.mdpi.com/journal/materialsMany methods have been studied and developed for obtaining LaFeO3 : sol-gel method [25,26], mechanochemical [27], hydrothermal processes [28], molten salt synthesis [29], combustion method [30,31], microwave-assisted synthesis [32], co-precipitation of hydroxides [33], and polymerizable complex method [34]. Electrochemical behaviors of perovskite-type oxides LaFeO3 have been investigated for various applications due to its high oxidation–reduction characteristics and electrical conductivity, e.g., electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution [11], photoelectrochemical water oxidation [12], hydrogen storage [13], gas sensor [14,15,21], voltammetric/amperometric detection of biomolecules [22], solid oxide fuel cells, and electrode materials [23,24]. It is required to find well-defined redox reaction conditions for precursor generating, which represents the key element to get an effective synthesis process of the mixed oxides characterized through desired advanced properties [37,38]
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