Lanthanide Upconverted Luminescence for Simultaneous Contactless Optical Thermometry and Manometry-Sensing under Extreme Conditions of Pressure and Temperature.

Szymon Goderski,Víctor Lavín,Przemysław Woźny,Marcin Runowski,Stefan Lis

doi:10.1021/acsami.0c09882

Abstract

The growing interest in the miniaturization of various devices and conducting experiments under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature causes the need for the development of small, contactless, precise, and accurate optical sensors without any electrical connections. In this work, YF3:Yb3+-Er3+ upconverting microparticles are used as a bifunctional luminescence sensor for simultaneous temperature and pressure measurements. Different changes in the properties of Er3+ green and red upconverted luminescence, after excitation of Yb3+ ions in the near-infrared at ∼975 nm, are used to calibrate pressure and/or temperature inside the hydrostatic chamber of a diamond anvil cell (DAC). For temperature sensing, changes in the relative intensities of the Er3+ green upconverted luminescence of 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 thermally coupled multiplets to the 4I15/2 ground state, whose relative populations follow a Boltzmann distribution, are calibrated. For pressure sensing, the spectral shift of the Er3+ upconverted red emission peak at ∼665 nm, between the Stark sublevels of the 4F9/2 → 4I15/2 transition, is used. Experiments performed under simultaneous extreme conditions of pressure, up to ∼8 GPa, and temperature, up to ∼473 K, confirm the possibility of remote optical pressure and temperature sensing.

Highlights

In the past, nowadays, and probably in the future, experiments performed simultaneously as a function of both pressure and temperature had been, are, and will be crucial for a considerable number of scientists and material engineers.[1−6] This is mainly because of the fundamental importance of these physical quantities that affect the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials and living organisms.[2]
The most commonly used device to generate high pressures, which allows at the same time for structural and spectroscopic measurements, is a diamond anvil cell (DAC), which was mainly developed by Piermarini et al.,[15] Bassett et al.,[16] and Barnett,[17] allowing the generation of pressure up to several 100 GPa.[1]
We report about the possibility of simultaneous optical temperature and pressure sensing in the micron-sized range (≈100 μm) of the DAC’s chamber, via luminescence thermometry and manometry

Summary

■ INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, and probably in the future, experiments performed simultaneously as a function of both pressure and temperature had been, are, and will be crucial for a considerable number of scientists and material engineers.[1−6] This is mainly because of the fundamental importance of these physical quantities that affect the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials and living organisms.[2]. For the measurements under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature, experiments were carried out using a miniature body-piston type DAC (φ = 26 mm, h = 18 mm) made at Universitaẗ Paderborn (Germany) (see Figure 2 in ref 1), in which the pressure values were adjusted using four metal screws In both cases, pressure values were determined using ruby R1 and R2 fluorescence line shifts, excited by a 532 nm laser and a temperature-corrected ruby calibration curve.[21]. The same procedure was applied for the UC emission measurements in DAC, performed simultaneously at elevated temperature and under highpressure conditions using a home-made furnace and placing the tip of the thermocouple deeply inside the DAC housing

■ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

■ CONCLUSIONS

■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

■ REFERENCES