Lanthanide complexes with an azo-dye chromophore ligand: syntheses, crystal structures, and near-infrared luminescence by long-wavelength excitation.

Abstract

Near-infrared (NIR) emissive probes are becoming increasingly popular in biological sensing and imaging due to the advantages of non-invasiveness and deep tissue-penetrating ability. Herein, a series of complexes of trivalent lanthanide ions (Ln = Yb, Er, and Gd) with the commercially available azo dye chromophore 2R (Na2H2C2R) as ligand and featuring respectively H2O and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as ancillary ligands have been prepared. Formulated as [Ln2(HC2R)2(H2O)10]·8H2O (1-3, Ln = Yb, Er, Gd) and [Ln2(HC2R)2(DMSO)10]·2DMSO (4-6, Ln = Yb, Er, Gd), their structures have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Photophysical property studies revealed NIR emissions of the DMSO complexes characteristic of Yb(III) and Er(III), effectively sensitized by the dye ligand arising mainly from the π-π* transition of the chromophore. The long-wavelength excitation of the complexes, covering the whole visible-light range and extending into the NIR region, portends the potential applications of such complexes for flexible bioimaging and sensing.