Abstract
PurposeSome studies indicate that mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency in pregnant women might negatively affect offspring neurocognitive development, including previous results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort study (MoBa) exploring maternally reported child development at age 3 years. The aim of this follow-up study was to investigate whether maternal iodine intake in pregnancy is associated with language and learning at 8 years of age.MethodsThe study sample includes 39,471 mother–child pairs participating in MoBa with available information from a validated food frequency questionnaire covering the first half of pregnancy and a questionnaire on child neurocognitive development at 8 years. Multivariable regression was used to explore associations of iodine intake from food and supplements with maternally reported child outcomes.ResultsMaternal iodine intake from food less than ~ 150 µg/day was associated with poorer child language skills (p-overall = 0.013), reading skills (p-overall = 0.019), and writing skills (p-overall = 0.004) as well as poorer school test result in reading (p < 0.001), and increased likelihood of the child receiving special educational services (p-overall = 0.042) (in non-iodine supplement users). Although significant, differences were generally small. Maternal use of iodine supplements in pregnancy was not significantly associated with any of the outcomes.ConclusionsLow habitual iodine intake in pregnant women, i.e., lower than the recommended intake for non-pregnant women, was associated with mothers reporting poorer child language, school performance, and increased likelihood of special educational services. We found no indications of benefits or harm of using iodine-containing supplements in pregnancy. Initiating use in pregnancy might be too late.
Highlights
Iodine is an essential micronutrient incorporated into the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroid hormones are vital in the regulation of early brain development, and the developing foetus is vulnerable to low maternal T4, especially before the foetal thyroid starts to function in gestational week (GW) 18–20 [1]
The Spearman correlation between iodine intake by the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was r = 0.31
Summary
Iodine is an essential micronutrient incorporated into the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid hormones are vital in the regulation of early brain development, and the developing foetus is vulnerable to low maternal T4, especially before the foetal thyroid starts to function in gestational week (GW) 18–20 [1]. Iodine status is an important determinant of risk for thyroid disorders and, as a result, abnormal thyroid hormone concentrations [2,3,4]. In mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency (ID), a range of autoregulatory mechanisms are triggered in the maternal thyroid to maintain the production and release of the hormones [5]. The resulting maternal hypothyroxinaemia (i.e., low/suboptimal T4) may reduce foetal supply of the hormones since the direct transfer of maternal T3 over the placenta is extremely low [1]
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