Abstract
The aim of the article is a pragmatic analysis of various linguistic communication situations in the light of Grice’s principle of cooperation (1975). The analysis shows that language strategies involve a deliberate flouting of the cooperative principle using various pragmatic functions. The presented communication strategies in English, German, Polish and Russian show similarities in their occurrence. The sender may convey intentions not directly, but by hidden means of expression which often become an exponent of an apparent question, a change in the argumentative direction, the use of ambiguous words, irony or even silence. Hence, we can talk about the implementation of the pragmatic functions of “language avoidance”, “counter-argumentation”, “counter-proposal”, “irony” etc.
Highlights
One of the most important issues of intercultural exchange is language communication
The development of pragmatics has been influenced by works of numerous philosophers of language and linguists, such as Austin (1962, 1975, 1979), Ducrot (1972), Grice (1975), Lyons
The Cooperative Principle, implicature and presupposition. It is worth recalling the ideas of Grice and other scholars which include conversational implicature, presupposition and the Cooperative Principle
Summary
One of the most important issues of intercultural exchange is language communication In this paper, this problem is presented from the pragmalinguistic point of view. Linguistic pragmatics proposes a synthetic approach towards the use of language. From the point of view of pragmalinguistics, language communication is described not statically but dynamically, that is, as speech acts in which “the meaning of the word is realized in its usage” (Wittgenstein 1958, Komorowska 2010). The pragmalinguistic analysis is based on the theory of the act of speech with the following components: Locution, Illocution and Perlocution. We understand these terms following Austin (1962) and Searle (1969): locution as content, illocution as the actual speech act and perlocution as a strategy of speaking influencing the receiver. The examples demonstrate that the pragmatic phenomena we concentrate on are similar in these two Germanic and two Slavic languages – which is obvious in the case of related languages and cultural proximity
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