Language and Theory of Mind: A Synthesis of Empirical Research on Cognitive and Linguistic Interdependencies

Abstract

This literature review examines the intricate relationship between Theory of Mind (ToM) and language development, analysing whether ToM serves as a foundational cognitive precursor for language or if both capacities develop interactively. The LR examines multiple approaches, including the lens of bilingualism, autism and deafness. Multiple studies with various methods including experiments, longitudinal studies and neuroimaging studies will be investigated to reach a holistic understanding of the relationship between ToM and language. The review synthesises evidence suggesting that early ToM abilities, such as joint attention and mental state attribution, provide a critical base for effective language use, while language acquisition further refines ToM functions. Neurological findings indicate overlapping brain regions involved in both ToM and language processes, suggesting shared cognitive mechanisms rather than distinct faculties. Additionally, the influence of social and cultural contexts on the development of these abilities is explored, underscoring the importance of interaction in shaping both. The review also highlights gaps in research, particularly in understanding the specific cognitive functions underlying this relationship, and calls for focused investigation into individual components of ToM and language. Implications for therapeutic interventions, especially in speech-language pathology and special education, are also discussed.