Abstract
Studies quantifying the impact of climate change have so far mostly examined atmospheric variables, and few are evaluating the cascade of aquatic impacts that will occur along the land–ocean continuum until the ultimate impacts on coastal eutrophication potential. In this study, a new hydro-biogeochemical modeling chain has been developed, based on the coupling of the generic pyNuts-Riverstrahler biogeochemical model and the GR4J-CEMANEIGE hydrological model, and applied to the Seine River basin (France). Averaged responses of biogeochemical variables to climate-induced hydrological changes were assessed using climate forcing based on twelve projections of precipitation and temperature (BC-CORDEX) for the stabilization (RCP 4.5) and the increasing (RCP 8.5) CO2 emission scenarios. Beyond the amount of nutrients delivered to the sea, we calculated the indicator of coastal eutrophication potential (ICEP). The models run with the RCP4.5 stabilization scenario show low variations in hydrological regimes and water quality, while five of the six models run with the increasing CO2 emissions scenario (RCP8.5) leads to more intense extreme streamflow (i.e., higher maximum flows, lower and longer minimum flows), resulting in the degradation of water quality. For the driest RCP 8.5 projection, median biogeochemical impacts induced by decreasing discharge (until -270 m3 s-1 in average) are mostly located downstream of major wastewater treatment plants. During spring bloom, e.g., in May, the associated higher residence time leads to an increase of phytoplankton biomass (+31% in average), with a simultaneous -23% decrease of silicic acid, followed downstream by a -9% decrease of oxygen. Later during low flow, major increases in nitrate and phosphate concentrations (until +19% and +32% in average) are expected. For all considered scenarios, high ICEP values (above zero) lasted, indicating that coastal eutrophication is not expected to decrease with changing hydrological conditions in the future. Maximum values are even expected to be higher some years. This study deliberately evaluates the impact of modified hydrology on biogeochemistry without considering the simultaneous alteration of water temperatures, in order to disentangle the causes of climate change-induced impact. It will serve as a first comparative step toward a more complete modeling experiment of climate change impacts on aquatic systems.
Highlights
Both urban releases and fertilizer spreading have increased and unbalanced river nutrient fluxes leading to coastal eutrophication in many regions of the world (Nixon, 1995; Billen et al, 1999; Cloern, 2001; Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; Erisman et al, 2013)
The spatialized hydrological model developed in this study made it possible to correctly model streamflow at the river outlet (Figure 2) and for catchments nested within the Seine River basin (the simulations on the set of 349 gauged catchments located within the hydrosystem deemed satisfactory, presenting Nash and Sutcliffe (1970) criteria ǫ [0.60 0.99] when the MESAN reanalyses were used as inputs)
The modifications of the hydrological regime observed with the RCP8.5 scenario have biogeochemical consequences in the Seine River hydro-ecosystem, e.g., (i) an impact on water quality along the hydro-ecosystem through its outlet, as exemplified for spring and fall and (ii) an impact on nutrient export and coastal eutrophication potential at the annual scale as well as during low flow
Summary
Both urban releases and fertilizer spreading have increased and unbalanced river nutrient fluxes leading to coastal eutrophication in many regions of the world (Nixon, 1995; Billen et al, 1999; Cloern, 2001; Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; Erisman et al, 2013). Coastal eutrophication has been associated with direct responses, e.g., changes in primary production, nutrient ratios, phytoplankton community, as well as indirect responses, e.g., changes in food web structure, anoxia and fish/invertebrate mortality (Cloern, 2001). These environmental disturbances are highly problematic and environmental management strategies leading to lower nutrient loads and equilibrated N:P:Si ratios are still needed (Billen and Garnier, 1997; Conley et al, 2009). It is essential to evaluate to what extent climate change will have an impact on nutrient cycles (namely nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon) along aquatic continuums and on coastal eutrophication potential
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