Abstract
ABSTRACT The Cinque Terre National Park (38 km2) has recently recorded a remarkable increase in tourists involved in outdoor activities such as hiking. However, due to the actual slope degradation issues that affect this outstanding terraced landscape, hiking trails are increasingly threatened by the impact of landslides. This produces severe landslide-related risk scenarios for hikers. In this study, a landslide inventory map (at 1:45000 scale) has been prepared through the revision/update of previous database and the analysis of air-photos and satellite images coupled with field surveys. Furthermore, a quantitative evaluation of the interaction between landslides and hiking trails has been performed by the definition of a Footpath Landslide Index. More than 400 landslides were identified highlighting that these phenomena represent the main source of hazard. The findings of this study reveal that side-hill trails are the most hazardous since hikers can be potentially affected by flow-like or fast-moving landslides.
Highlights
Landslides are considered worldwide as one of the most important and frequent natural hazards as their occurrence can directly impact humans, infrastructures, economic activities and the environment (Kjekstad & Highland, 2009; Petley, 2012)
Geomorphological field surveys were carried out on topographical maps at 1:5000 scale between September and November 2018 whereas remote sensing activities were carried out on LandsatTM and GoogleTM satellite images, digital georeferenced orthophotos taken from both Friuli-Venezia-Giulia Regional Administration and Regione Liguria Administration (1:5000 scale and dating to 2016) and through the use of data obtained from a GNSS monitoring which started in 2015: a series of permanent monitoring stations equipped with low cost single-frequency GNSS receivers was positioned along some of the main landslides in the Cinque Terre National Park with the aim of detecting displacements of a few millimeters (Raso et al, 2017)
The obtained Landslide Inventory Maps (LIM) was represented at 1: 45000 scale where the mapped landslides were overlaid on a shaded relief base derived from a digital elevation model (DEM) created using 1:5000 scaled vector topographic maps provided by the Regione Liguria Administration
Summary
Landslides are considered worldwide as one of the most important and frequent natural hazards as their occurrence can directly impact humans, infrastructures, economic activities and the environment (Kjekstad & Highland, 2009; Petley, 2012). The landslide occurrence can be controlled by several factors, which can be subdivided into predisposing and triggering factors The former include intrinsic factors that make an area prone to slope instability such as slope (Dai, Lee, & Ngai, 2002; Guzzetti, Reichenbach, Ardizzone, Cardinali, & Galli, 2006), lithology (Duman et al, 2005; Chacón, Irigaray, Fernandez, & El Hamdouni, 2006), aspect (Calvello, Cascini, & Mastroianni, 2013; Guzzetti, 2005), land use (Cevasco, Pepe, & Brandolini, 2014; Glade, 2003; Matthews, Brunsden, Frenzel, Glaser, & Weiß, 1997; Van Beek & Van Asch, 2004), vegetation cover (Cammeraat, van Beek, & Kooijman, 2005; Gonzalez-Ollauri & Mickovski, 2017), distance from rivers and roads (Bordoni et al, 2018; Donnini et al, 2017). Landslides can involve toppling or falling, translational/rotational sliding, flowing, lateral spreading, but in most cases, they exhibit a combination of different types of movement (Crozier, 1986; Hungr, Leroueil, & Picarelli, 2014; Hutchinson, 1988; Varnes, 1978)
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