Abstract
An increasing amount of landslides leading to significant human and economic consequences is a primary concern for the government of Tajikistan and local authorities. Based on the Committee on Emergency Situations data, from 1996 to 2018, there were 3460 emergencies and more than 1000 fatalities because of earthquake-triggered and rainfall-induced landslides in the region. In addition, landslides caused severe damage to houses and infrastructure facilities due to the population’s lack of landslide hazard knowledge. Therefore, current research focuses on developing a regional-scale landslide inventory map in the Hissar–Allay region, central Tajikistan, where the population density is much higher than at other mountainous territories. In recent decades, the enhancements in geographic information systems, the open access to high-resolution remote sensing data, and an extensive field survey allowed us to identify 922 landslides possible along the highway corridor in the Hissar–Allay region. Based on Varnes’s system, these landslides are classified into four categories: debris flows, rockfalls, shallow landslides, and complex (deep-seated) landslides, considering landslides morphology, geology, deformation of slopes, degree and aspect of slopes, and weathered and disintegrated zones on slopes in the study area. The results show that 8.24% of the total study area is affected by landslides. Along the highway corridor in the Hissar–Allay region there are 96 bodies of deep-seated landslides and 216 rockfall catchments, 273 debris flow catchments, and 313 shallow landslides. Thus, shallow landslides are the most frequent type of movement. In addition, landslide frequency-area distribution analysis shows that shallow landslides are frequent with an area of 1.88E+04 m2; most frequent debris flow channels have a place of 5.58E+05 m2; rockfalls, for its part, are rife with an area of 1.50E+05 m2, and frequent complex landslides have an area of 4.70E+06 m2. Furthermore, it was found out that slopes consist of Silurian formation comprise shales, pebbles, sands, loams, and limestones, metamorphic clays are exposed to landslides more than other geological formations because of the layered structure and their broad spatial distribution in the study area. As the first applied research to compile a landslide inventory map in the Hissar–Allay region on the regional scale, our study provides a sound basis for future explorations of landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk assessment for this region.
Highlights
IntroductionLandslide inventory is the first and essential stage for understanding landslides [1,2]and their effect on the evolution of landforms [3,4,5,6,7], as well as the valuable form of landslide study representation [8,9].A landslide inventory map is an important source of information, including landslides typology [10], a geographic location of every landslide, its morphological forms, scarps, 4.0/).zones of erosion, and accumulation [1,11,12,13], information on the landslide mobility, geological age, the velocity of mass motion, depth and materials involved in sliding can be used for various purposes [7,14,15].Landslide inventories can be used in the following ways: (I) to denote historical landslides [16,17,18,19], which is essential for landslide hazard and risk assessment studies [20,21,22],(II) To predict the spatial and temporal distribution of future landslides in regions with different morphological and geological characteristics, varying from local to national scales for adequate mitigation measures [23,24,25,26].there are numerous approaches to compile a landslide inventory map grouped into two broad categories, including (I) traditional and (II) innovative methods [22,27,28]
The regional-scale landslide inventory map was produced through the field survey, historical landslide data analysis, and remote sensing techniques (Figure 7a), as well as a map of the landslide Index (Figure 7b)
Previous studies of landslides in the Hissar–Allay region were conducted on a local scale considering individual basins or slopes, making it unsuitable to use their outcomes in regional-scale landslide hazard and risk assessment and land use management
Summary
Landslide inventory is the first and essential stage for understanding landslides [1,2]and their effect on the evolution of landforms [3,4,5,6,7], as well as the valuable form of landslide study representation [8,9].A landslide inventory map is an important source of information, including landslides typology [10], a geographic location of every landslide, its morphological forms, scarps, 4.0/).zones of erosion, and accumulation [1,11,12,13], information on the landslide mobility, geological age, the velocity of mass motion, depth and materials involved in sliding can be used for various purposes [7,14,15].Landslide inventories can be used in the following ways: (I) to denote historical landslides [16,17,18,19], which is essential for landslide hazard and risk assessment studies [20,21,22],(II) To predict the spatial and temporal distribution of future landslides in regions with different morphological and geological characteristics, varying from local to national scales for adequate mitigation measures [23,24,25,26].there are numerous approaches to compile a landslide inventory map grouped into two broad categories, including (I) traditional and (II) innovative methods [22,27,28]. Their effect on the evolution of landforms [3,4,5,6,7], as well as the valuable form of landslide study representation [8,9]. A landslide inventory map is an important source of information, including landslides typology [10], a geographic location of every landslide, its morphological forms, scarps, 4.0/). There are numerous approaches to compile a landslide inventory map grouped into two broad categories, including (I) traditional and (II) innovative methods [22,27,28]. The rapid evolution of remote sensing technologies, the accuracy of satellite images, GIS applications have significantly expanded the capacity of landslide investigations remotely and enhanced the precision of landslide mapping; these approaches are considered as innovative methods [7,27,28,29]
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