Abstract
There is now an increasing and robust set of evidence showing that restoration processes are not only affected by local factors, but also by landscape factors. The landscape context where restoration takes place, characterized by the proximity of species sources, the surrounding land use types, the existence of landscape elements facilitating or impeding movement of organisms, water, and energy, affects restoration outcomes (Leite et al. 2013). Landscape-level factors can be useful to reduce the cost of restoration and to increase its effectiveness. This can be particularly relevant given the global demand for restoration, which aims to restore large land areas, as expressed by the Bonn Challenge, the New York Declaration on Forests, or Aichi Biodiversity Target 15 of the United Nations Convention of Biological Diversity (Menz et al. 2013; Suding et al. 2015).
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