Abstract
In recent decades, the concept of Ecosystem Services (ES) has generated a paradigm shift in the perspective of human society on nature and has had an important awareness-raising role concerning the importance of ecosystems. However, the concept has not been capable to stop the loss of biodiversity and nature in order to meet the societal challenges of ES provision, especially in urbanized territories. From the reviewed literature, it is obvious that implementing the ES concept within spatial design and planning processes poses several difficulties. In this context we state that a more comprehensive approach is needed of which the ES concept is part. To move to genuine landscape change and a shift in land use and land stewardship, we argue that a landscape design approach can play a significant activating role. The goal of this paper is to underpin this assumption from a theoretical and methodological point of view. The paper first gives an overview of the difficulties that the field of ES science and practice is facing when implementing the ES concept in landscape design and planning processes. Then a landscape design approach is presented as an alternative approach and a possible way forward for genuine landscape change to meet the societal demand for ES.
Highlights
To move to genuine landscape change and a shift in land use and land stewardship, we argue that a landscape design approach can play a significant activating role
Since the pub- a framework to look at the linkages between people and lication of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [4] and ecosystems, to understand causal dependencies between enforced by the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity human activities and their impacts on the natural environreport [5] and the establishment of the Intergovernmental ment, which has been identified as a major challenge within
In different Ecosystem Services (ES) Ecosystems provide a multitude of services, yet the need for case studies, the authors conclude that stakeholders should quantification and data results in a methodology to address be put in the centre of the approach [53] to be more ‘ac- only a small selection of them [78]
Summary
The concept of ecosystem services (ES in the remainder network of natural and semi-natural areas with other enviof this paper) has been developed to integrate ecological ronmental features designed and managed to deliver a wide concerns and economic thinking in an attempt to redress range of ecosystem services” 3) and NBS as “soluthe neglect of biodiversity and nature in policy, through tions that are inspired and supported by nature, which are translating the value of ecosystems in a language and ap- cost-effective, simultaneously provide environmental, social proach that fits within the dominant political and economic and economic benefits and help build resilience” 253) bluntly start Whereas GI emphasize the spatial character of natural nettheir seminal publication: “Because ecosystem services are works, NBS have a strong problem solving focus. Since the pub- a framework to look at the linkages between people and lication of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [4] and ecosystems, to understand causal dependencies between enforced by the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity human activities and their impacts on the natural environreport [5] and the establishment of the Intergovernmental ment, which has been identified as a major challenge within
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