Abstract
People migrate from rural to urban areas. In the meantime, the benefits of staying in greener areas are also known. People’s preferences might be different by area that is composed of several land types. If so, the effect of particular land cover on human well-being is different spatially. The spatial analysis is required to formulate effective land-use policies. Here we show that urban land, water, and grassland are positively related to human well-being, whereas bare land is negatively associated in Japan. A 1 {mathrm{m}}^{2} increase in the area of urban land per capita in a city is equivalent to an about 346 USD increase in the individual annual income of all the people in the city. Additionally, monetary values of areas of water, crops, and bare land per capita are 102, − 30, and − 268 mathrm{USD}/mathrm{Capita }{mathrm{m}}^{2}. Furthermore, the spatial context matters to the relationship between land cover and human well-being. This paper investigates the monetary values of several land types and their spatial variability, which provides insights to make better usage for land cover.
Highlights
People migrate from rural to urban areas
In the study regarding European Union, the urban land, road, and mine are positively related to the subjective well-being (SWB), similar to natural land c over[6], because such land types are the environments of daily human life
Average individual annual income is positively associated with Sub-prefecture-level average subjective well-being (SASWB) in all four models
Summary
People migrate from rural to urban areas. In the meantime, the benefits of staying in greener areas are known. Land cover changes, including built-up area, water and aquaculture, have effects on poverty due to flood risk, which is an indirect indicator of human well-being[24]. These previous studies indicate that the marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) should be higher when the natural land cover is scarcer[5,6]. We detect the relationships between SWB and ten types of land cover, including urban land, using life satisfaction as the indicator of SWB
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