Abstract
Land acquisition and resettlement (LAR) is an important step in urban development. As one of the ‘externalities of development’, LAR conflicts have affected social stability and development in rural areas of China. With social conflict research shifting from value identity to resource allocation, few studies have examined the relationship between the spatial injustice of urban public resources and LAR conflict. To mitigate this research gap and formulate effective policies, this study aims to reinterpret the obstacles of LAR conflicts from the perspective of the spatial injustice of urban public facilities allocation in Hangzhou City by examining 195 administrative litigation cases. Spatial accessibility was used for estimating the spatial justice of urban public resources allocation. A classification and regression tree (CART) model was applied to identify the advantage and disadvantage factors behind LAR conflict, and explored the logical and structural relationships among these factors. Results showed that a spatial mismatch between the spatial behavior preferences of human activity and the spatial injustice of urban public resources allocation had significantly accelerated LAR conflicts. When the spatial behavior preferences of human activity and spatial distribution of urban public resources correspond to each other pre- and after LAR, basic rights to social space are safeguarded and various groups can equitably share spatial resources. There are no conflicts. Conversely, respondents expressed a high level of dissatisfaction in comparison to their pre-LAR conditions, and LAR conflict undeniably occurs. This approach also proposes some good LAR policies by regulating the spatial injustice of urban public resources allocation associated with LAR with the aim of long-term urban sustainable development for Hangzhou.
Highlights
The contradiction between urban land expansion and farming land loss is an increasing challenge of the urbanization process [1,2], which has increased dramatically during the past 10 years and appears to be accelerating [3,4,5]
The accessibility of elevated roads is at the top layer, which is the most important root cause of land-acquisition and resettlement (LAR) conflicts
Respondents expressed a high level of dissatisfaction in comparison to their pre-LAR conditions and a LAR conflict happened As shown in our study, areas within a 1 km radius of elevated roads and areas within a 200 m range of hospitals are characterized by the spatial inequality of urban public facilities allocation
Summary
The contradiction between urban land expansion and farming land loss is an increasing challenge of the urbanization process [1,2], which has increased dramatically during the past 10 years and appears to be accelerating [3,4,5]. There is more than 90% illegal land acquisition by local governments in several cities [13], which have caused related legal and land-acquisition and resettlement (LAR) conflicts [13,14]. In 2010, more than 40,000 mass incidents occured in China were caused by LAR conflict [16,17]. LAR conflict has become one of the ‘externalities of development’ that affects social stability and development in rural areas of China [6,7,8,19,20]. Local government should pay more attention to elevating levels of social sustainability by exploring the obstacle of LAR conflict
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