Lake restoration in Denmark

Abstract

AbstractLake restoration in Denmark has involved the use of several different restoration techniques, all aiming to improve lake water quality and establishing clear‐water conditions. The most frequently used method, now used in more than 20 lakes, is the reduction of zooplanktivorous and benthivorous fish (especially roach (Rutilus rutilus) and bream (Abramis brama)) with the objective of improving the growth conditions for piscivores, large‐sized zooplankton species, benthic algae and submerged macrophytes. Piscivore stocking (mainly Esox lucius (pike)), aiming especially at reducing the abundance of young‐of‐the‐year fish, has been used in more than 10 lakes and frequently as a supplement to fish removal. Hypolimnetic oxidation, with oxygen and nitrate, has been undertaken in a few stratified lakes and sediment dredging, with the purpose of diminishing the internal phosphorus loading, has been experimented with in one large, shallow lake. Submerged macrophyte implantation has been conducted in some of the biomanipulated lakes to increase macrophyte abundance and distribution. Overall, the results from lake restoration projects, in the mainly shallow Danish lakes, show that external nutrient loading must be reduced to a level below 0.05–0.1 mg P L–1 under equilibrium conditions to gain permanent effects on lake water quality. By using fish removal, at least 80% of the fish stock should be removed over a period of not more than 1–2 years to obtain a substantial effect on lower trophic levels and to avoid regrowth of the remaining fish stock. Stocking of piscivores requires high densities (>0.1 individuals m–2) if an impact on the plankton level is to be obtained and stocking should be repeated yearly until a stable clear‐water state is reached. The experiments with hypolimnetic oxygenation and sediment dredging confirm that internal phosphorus loading can be reduced. Experience from macrophyte implantation experiments indicates that protection against grazing by herbivorous waterfowl may be useful in the early phase of recolonization.