Abstract
<p class="Abstract">The main purpose of the present study was to examine the antitumor and apoptotic effects of lactucin in HL-60 human leukemia cancer cells. MTT assay was used to examine the cytotoxic effects of lactucin while as phase contrast, fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy techniques were used to evaluate the apoptotic effects of lactucin in these cells. Flow cytometry was used to assess the effects of lactucin on cell cycle phase distribution. The results indicate that lactucin induced potent, time– and dose-dependent antitumor effects. The microscopic techniques showed that lactucin induced characteristic features of apoptosis including cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, appearance of vacuoles, swelling of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Viable cells are stained green, early apoptotic cells are stained yellow, while as late apoptotic cells are stained reddish orange. Flow cytometry revealed that lactucin induced sub-G1 cell cycle arrest.</p><p class="Abstract"><strong>Video Clips</strong></p><p class="Abstract">Phase contrast microscopy: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/xrTjOVvlTxQ">1</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/GxuMkGnkpSE">2</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/SfmdL2-O45Y">3</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/7vbJ9HMRTHU">4</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/u4aLzmlXF8s">5</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/ucl8DjPeV9c">6</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/uI932TJVfFY">7</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/5sMlUKbKMhc">8</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/-tx20gFHYnc">9</a></p><p> </p>
Highlights
Leukemia, is a group of cancers that generally begin in the bone marrow and lead to high numbers of abnormal white blood cells
Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) and RPMI, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin, streptomycin, trypsin, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with calcium chloride and magnesium chloride were obtained from Hangzhou Sijiqing Biological Engineering Materials Co., Ltd. (China)
The results showed that swelling of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was detected in the cells treated with lactucin at increasing doses
Summary
Leukemia, is a group of cancers that generally begin in the bone marrow and lead to high numbers of abnormal white blood cells. These white blood cells are not completely formed and are known as blasts or leukemia cells. In 2012, leukemia developed in more than 300,000 people worldwide and resulted in 265,000 deaths. It is the most common category of tumors in youngsters, with three quarters of leukemia cases in children being the acute lymphoblastic type (Hutter, 2010; World Health Organization, 2014). It must be emphasized here that most cases of leukemia are treated by using chemotherapeutic drugs mostly combined into a multidrug dose therapy (Hoffbrand et al, 2006)
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