Abstract
Probiotics, the live microbial strains incorporated as dietary supplements, are known to provide health benefits to the host. These live microbes manipulate the gut microbial community by suppressing the growth of certain intestinal microbes while enhancing the establishment of some others. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been widely studied as probiotics; in this study we have elucidated the effects of two fish-derived LAB types (RII and RIII) on the distal intestinal microbial communities of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We employed high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to investigate the bacterial communities in the distal intestinal content and mucus of Atlantic salmon fed diets coated with the LABs or that did not have microbes included in it. Our results show that the supplementation of the microbes shifts the intestinal microbial profile differentially. LAB supplementation did not cause any significant alterations in the alpha diversity of the intestinal content bacteria but RIII feeding increased the bacterial diversity in the intestinal mucus of the fish. Beta diversity analysis revealed significant differences between the bacterial compositions of the control and LAB-fed groups. Lactobacillus was the dominant genus in LAB-fed fish. A few members of the phyla Tenericutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Spirochaetes were also found to be abundant in the LAB-fed groups. Furthermore, the bacterial association network analysis showed that the co-occurrence pattern of bacteria of the three study groups were different. Dietary probiotics can modulate the composition and interaction of the intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon.
Highlights
The ecological community of microorganisms that reside (Marchesi and Ravel, 2015) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of an organism is referred to as the gut microbiota (Lozupone et al, 2012)
In the current and in our recent (Gupta et al, under review) studies we found that P. myrsinacearum and R. pickettii are part of the core gut microbiota of Atlantic salmon; N. sediminicola was significantly abundant in the intestinal mucus of the fish fed oligosaccharide
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) feeding promoted the dominance of intestinal Lactobacillus (Firmicutes) and certain members of the phyla Tenericutes, Spirochaetes, and Actinobacteria
Summary
The ecological community of microorganisms that reside (Marchesi and Ravel, 2015) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of an organism is referred to as the gut microbiota (Lozupone et al, 2012). The GIT of a healthy human harbors a dense (Kelsen and Wu, 2012; Marchesi et al, 2016) and diverse population (Lozupone et al, 2012) of commensal microorganisms, which offer many benefits to the host, including immune homeostasis and health maintenance (Sommer and Bäckhed, 2013) These commensal gut bacteria are known to aid in amino-acid production. Probiotics are “living bacteria,” and when they are administered as supplements in the right amount they can confer health benefits to humans (FAO and WHO, 2006), by targeting, among others intestinal health through stimulation of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, fortification of intestinal barrier and immunomodulation (Gareau et al, 2010; Thomas and Versalovic, 2010; Hemarajata and Versalovic, 2013) Probiotics have both direct and indirect effects on the intestinal microbial composition and diversity, and global host metabolic functions (Scott et al, 2015). Members of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the most commonly used probiotic organisms for humans (O’Toole and Cooney, 2008)
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